Satbir Singh Gosal Shabir Hussain Wani  Editors Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 3 Food Legumes Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 3 Satbir Singh Gosal • Shabir Hussain Wani Editors Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 3 Food Legumes Editors Satbir Singh Gosal Shabir Hussain Wani Former Director of Research Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops Punjab Agricultural University SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu Ludhiana, Punjab, India Kashmir, India ISBN 978-3-030-47305-1 ISBN 978-3-030-47306-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47306-8 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Professor Neil Clifford Turner Prof. Neil C. Turner is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Western Australia and Visiting Professor at Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, and the North West Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, China. Born in Preston in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Balshaw’s Grammar School, Leyland, UK, 1951–1958, was awarded a BSc in Agricultural Science from Reading University, Reading, UK, in 1962, a PhD in Agronomy from Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia in 1968, and a DSc in Agriculture from Reading University in 1983. Prof. Turner’s research career began at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, where he was an Assistant Plant Physiologist from 1967 to 1974. In 1974 he joined CSIRO Plant Industry in Canberra, Australia, as a Senior Research Scientist and remained with CSIRO for 31 years until retirement in 2005. In 1984, Prof. Turner was appointed Research Leader of the newly-established CSIRO Dryland Crops and Soils Research Unit in Perth, Australia, and remained with CSIRO in Perth as a Chief Research Scientist until 2005. Subsequent to retiring from CSIRO, he was appointed as the Director of the Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, 2006–2007; Winthrop Research Professor in the UWA Institute of Agriculture and Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, 2008–2015; and Adjunct Professor in the UWA Institute of Agriculture and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment from 2016 to the present. Prof. Turner was a Visiting Scholar in the Department of Botany at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, in 1973; an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow in the Department of Plant Ecology at the University of Bayreuth, Germany, in 1982; a Visiting Scientist at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, The Philippines, in 1983; and an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow in the Department of Botany at the University of Würzburg, Germany, in 1993. Prof. Turner has been recognized for his contributions to agricultural science and the environment in Australia and internationally. He was made a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy in 1982, a Fellow of the Crop Science Society of America in 1985, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 1992, a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology in 1995, a Foreign Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (India) in 2003, and was awarded a medal by the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology in 1993, an Australian Commonwealth Centenary Medal in 2003, the Chancellor’s Medal by the University of Western Australia in 2012, the Dunhuang Award by the Gansu Provincial Government in China in 2011, and a Friendship Award by the Government of the People’s Republic of China in 2012 for excellence in research and outstanding contributions to dryland agriculture in Australia, India, and China. Prof. Turner’s research has focused on the agronomic and physiological responses of crops and trees to water deficits, the adaptation of crops to water-limited environments, and the optimization of productivity and sustainability of cropping systems in the Mediterranean climatic regions of Australia through both management and breeding. This led more recently to a research focus on the implications of climate change for crop production in Australia, East Timor, and China. Prof. Turner has edited 12 books or special issues of journals and his research and that of his students and collaborators has been published in almost 400 peer- reviewed journal papers and book chapters. Prof. Turner was a contributor to the establishment of course development and research training to PhD level at Haryana Agricultural University in the late 1970s, and for nearly 10 years he was the Research Coordinator for a project that successfully incorporated capacity building and the development of drought-resistant chickpea germplasm for India and Australia funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. This book is dedicated to Professor Neil Clifford Turner for his lifetime contribution to the betterment of sustainable agricultural production in a changing environment and for his training of many students and scientists in developing and developed countries. Foreword Food legumes are amongst some of the earliest food crops to be domesticated and cultivated by man and still constitute important sources of dietary protein (20–45%) for populations living in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Sometimes referred to as the ‘poor man’s meat’, they are an important source of lysine, iron, phosphorous, calcium, zinc and magnesium, folate (vitamin B9), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and vitamin K andantioxidants, making them an ideal supplement for cereals. In differ- ent countries they are consumed as immature seeds, dry seeds, roasted seeds, condi- ments, ground for flour for baking or roasting, and as fermented products. With the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, they can be grown without added fertiliser nitro- gen, help to improve the fertility of the soil for subsequent crops and improve soil health. A large number of improved cultivars possessing higher pod/seed yield, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, better nutritional and cooking qualities, and early maturity have been developed. However, for food legumes in general, seed yields are not yet comparable to the cereal crops, even when the differences in energy requirements for proteins versus carbohydrates are taken into account. The harvest index of food legumes is generally 15–20% compared to 45–50% for cere- als such as wheat and rice. Nevertheless, several food legumes flourish in poor soils and adverse weather conditions and are preferred by farmers, especially for rainfed conditions and for crop rotations to maintain soil health. An efficient genetic improvement program is necessary in food legumes to meet the growing demand for food and nutritional security. There is a need to accelerate the breeding process for germplasm enhancement and development of new cultivars. In this situation, inno- vative techniques/technologies such as embryo culture, speed breeding, marker- assisted selection, transgenic breeding and genome editing can be exploited to supplement/complement conventional breeding approaches. Accelerated Plant Breeding: Food Legumes, edited by Dr. Satbir Singh Gosal and Dr. Shabir Hussain Wani, includes chapters on the important food legumes: chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), com- mon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), field pea (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.). This book xi