Kidney Disease SecondEdition Kidney Disease Second Edition David Goldsmith ReaderinRenalMedicine SchoolofMedicineandDentistry King’sCollegeLondon,London,UK Satish Jayawardene ConsultantNephrologist King’sCollegeHospitalNHSFoundationTrust,London,UK Penny Ackland GeneralPractitioner NunheadSurgery,NunheadGrove,SouthEastLondon,UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Thiseditionfirstpublished2013©2013JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd BMJBooksisanimprintofBMJPublishingGroupLimited,usedunderlicencebyBlackwellPublishingwhichwasacquiredbyJohn Wiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishingprogrammehasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedical businesstoformWiley-Blackwell. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ABCofkidneydisease/[editedby]DavidGoldsmith,SatishJayawardene,PennyAckland. – 2nded. p.;cm. – (ABCseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-67204-4(pbk.:alk.paper) I.Goldsmith,David,1959-II.Jayawardene,Satish.III.Ackland,Penny.IV. Series:ABCseries(Malden,Mass.) [DNLM:1.KidneyDiseases.2.KidneyFailure,Chronic.WJ300] AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Coverimage:PASIEKA/SCIENCEPHOTOLIBRARY CoverdesignbyMeadenCreative Setin9.25/12MinionbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India 1 2013 Contents Contributors,vii Preface,ix 1 DiagnosticTestsinChronicKidneyDisease,1 BehdadAfzali,SatishJayawardeneandDavidGoldsmith 2 AcuteKidneyInjury(FormerlyKnownasAcuteRenalFailure),8 RachelHilton 3 Prevalence,Detection,EvaluationandManagementofChronicKidneyDisease,15 PennyAckland 4 Pre-DialysisClinics:PreparingforEnd-StageRenalDisease,23 IreneHadjimichael,EleriWoodandKatieVinen 5 AnaemiaManagementinChronicKidneyDisease,29 PennyAckland 6 UrinaryTractInfections,RenalStones,RenalCystsandTumoursandPregnancyinChronicKidneyDisease,33 DavidGoldsmith 7 AdultNephroticSyndrome,38 RichardHull,SeanGallagherandDavidGoldsmith 8 RenalArteryStenosis,47 PhilipKalra,SatishJayawardeneandDavidGoldsmith 9 PalliativeCareforPatientswithChronicKidneyDisease,52 FrancesColdstream,NeilS.SheerinandEmmaMurphy 10 Dialysis,57 ChristopherW.McIntyreandJamesO.Burton 11 RenalTransplantation,63 MingHeandJohnTaylor 12 ChronicKidneyDisease,DialysisandTransplantationinChildren,71 JudyTaylorandChristopherReid 13 TheOrganizationofServicesforPeoplewithChronicKidneyDisease:A21st-CenturyChallenge,78 DonalO’Donoghue,JohnFeehallyandDavidGoldsmith v vi Contents Appendix1 ChronicKidneyDiseaseandDrugPrescribing,83 DouglasMaclean,SatishJayawardeneandHayleyWells Appendix2 GlossaryofRenalTermsandConditions,87 DavidGoldsmith Appendix3 TopTenTipsinKidneyDisease,90 SatishJayawardeneandDavidGoldsmith Appendix4 MapsShowingVariationinHealthcareforPeoplewithKidneyDisease,92 DavidGoldsmith Index,97 Contributors Penny Ackland Philip Kalra GeneralPractitioner,NunheadSurgery,NunheadGrove,SouthEast ConsultantNephrologistandHonoraryProfessorofNephrology, London,UK HopeHospital,Salford,UK Behdad Afzali Douglas Maclean WellcomeTrustSeniorFellowinNephrology,King’sCollegeLondon, FormerRenalPharmacist,Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundationTrust, London,UK London,UK(deceased) James O. Burton Christopher W. McIntyre NIHRClinicalLecturer,DepartmentofInfection,Immunityand ReaderinVascularMedicine,DepartmentofRenalMedicine, Inflammation,SchoolofMedicineandBiologicalSciences, DerbyCityHospital,Derby,UK UniversityofLeicester,Leicester,UK Emma Murphy Frances Coldstream BRCPhDClinicalResearchTrainingFellow,NIHRGSTFT/KCLBiomedical NIHRGSTFT/KCLBiomedicalResearchCentre,Guy’sandStThomas’NHS ResearchCentre,Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundationTrust,London,UK FoundationTrust,London,UK DepartmentofPalliativeCare,PolicyandRehabilitation,CicelySaunders Institute,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UK John Feehally Donal O’ Donoghue ProfessorofNephrology,TheJohnWallsRenalUnit,LeicesterGeneral ConsultantRenalPhysician,HopeHospital,Salford,UK Hospital,Leicester,UK NationalClinicalDirectorforRenalServices Sean Gallagher Christopher Reid SeniorHouseOfficer,RenalMedicine,Guy’sandStThomas’NHS ConsultantPaediatricNephrologist,EvelinaChildren’sHospital, FoundationTrust,London,UK Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundationTrust,London,UK David Goldsmith Neil S. Sheerin ReaderinRenalMedicine,SchoolofMedicineandDentistry, ProfessorofRenalMedicine,NewcastleUniversityandMedicalSchool, King’sCollegeLondon,London,UK Newcastle,UK Irene Hadjimichael John Taylor RenalST5,SouthThamesRotationatKing’sCollegeHospitalNHS ConsultantTransplantSurgeon,Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundation FoundationTrust,London,UK Trust,London,UK Ming He Judy Taylor ClinicalFellowinTransplantSurgery,Guy’sandStThomas’NHS ConsultantPaediatricNephrologist,EvelinaChildren’sHospital,Guy’sand FoundationTrust,London,UK StThomas’NHSFoundationTrust,London,UK Rachel Hilton Katie Vinen ConsultantNephrologist,Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundationTrust, ConsultantNephrologist,King’sCollegeHospitalNHSFoundationTrust, London,UK London,UK Richard Hull Hayley Wells SpecialistRegistrarNephrology,Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundation ChiefRenalPharmacist,Guy’sandStThomas’NHSFoundationTrust, Trust,London,UK London,UK Satish Jayawardene Eleri Wood ConsultantNephrologist,King’sCollegeHospitalNHSFoundationTrust, SeniorSisterLowClearance&TransplantClinics, London,UK King’sCollegeHospitalNHSFoundationTrust,London,UK vii