The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise Upon the Law of Copyright in the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the Crown, by E. J. MacGillivray This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license Title: A Treatise Upon the Law of Copyright in the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the Crown, and in the United States of America Containing a full Appendix of all Acts of Parliament International Conventions, Orders in Council, Treasury Minute and Acts of Congress now in Force. Author: E. J. MacGillivray Release Date: October 13, 2013 [EBook #43945] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE UPON THE LAW *** Produced by Wayne Hammond, Malcolm Farmer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net A TREATISE UPON THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT A TREATISE UPON THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE DOMINIONS OF THE CROWN, AND IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTAINING A FULL APPENDIX OF ALL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, ORDERS IN COUNCIL [i] [ii] [iii] TREASURY MINUTE AND ACTS OF CONGRESS NOW IN FORCE By E. J. MACGILLIVRAY, LL. B. (CANTAB.) OF THE INNER TEMPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW MEMBER OF THE FACULTY OF ADVOCATES IN SCOTLAND LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1902 , TO THOMAS EDWARD SCRUTTON, Esq., K. C. IN GRATITUDE FOR MUCH INSTRUCTION AND KINDNESS PREFACE The foundations of this work were laid by my endeavours to understand what is perhaps the most complicated and obscure series of statutes in the statute book. In working from time to time at the Law of Copyright I found great want of a text-book which should be exhaustive of the case law, and at the same time contain a concise and clearly arranged epitome of the statutory provisions. This want I have tried to supply for myself in the present compilation, and it is now published in the hope that it may prove useful to others. The present law is bad both in substance and form, but it is the more essential that those who have anything to do with literary or artistic property should comprehend it in so far as it is comprehensible. There are probably more pitfalls for the unwary in dealing with Copyright than with any other branch of the law. We have for some time been on the eve of a general codification and amendment of the Law of Copyright. It is, however, an eve of long and indefinite duration. It is now twenty-eight years since the Royal Commission on Copyright was appointed, and still nothing has been done to ameliorate the lamentable condition in which the Commissioners then found the law. Dissensions among those who are interested in Copyright, failure to come to a satisfactory arrangement with the colonies, and want of time at the disposal of the legislature are mainly responsible for this delay. In the meantime it is well that all those who are interested in Copyright should make themselves conversant with the law as it now is, so that when the time for legislation does at last come the result may be the more satisfactory. I have added to this work Part II., dealing with Copyright in the United States, and I hope it may prove useful not only to English but to American lawyers and publishers. I have to acknowledge much assistance in the preparation of this work and many invaluable suggestions from my friends, Mr. Langridge, of the Middle Temple, and Mr. Mackinnon, of the Inner Temple. E. J. MACGILLIVRAY. 3 Temple Gardens, June 1902. CONTENTS [iv] [v] [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] PAGE Table of English, Scotch, Irish, Indian, and Colonial Cases xix Table of Cases in the United States xxxi PART I THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE DOMINIONS OF THE CROWN CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY 3 CHAPTER II WHAT BOOKS ARE PROTECTED Sec. 1. What is an Original Book 10 Definition of a Book 10 Essential Elements of a Book 11 Physical Form 11 Literary Matter 13 Originality 15 Examples of what are Books 16 Sec. 2. Publication 36 Divestitive Publication 37 Investitive Publication 38 First Publication within the British Dominions 40 Sec. 3. Author's Nationality 42 Sec. 4. Immoral Works 46 Sec. 5. Registration 46 Before Action 46 The Requisite Entry 49 The Actual Title 49 The Time of First Publication 51 The Name and Place of Abode of the Publisher 52 The Name and Place of Abode of the Proprietor 52 Certificate of Registration 53 False Entries 54 Rectification of Register 54 Sec. 6. Delivery of Copies to Libraries 55 Sec. 7. Duration of Protection 56 Sec. 8. Copyright in Lectures 57 CHAPTER III THE OWNER OF THE COPYRIGHT IN BOOKS Sec. 1. The Crown 59 Sec. 2. The Universities 61 Sec. 3. The Author 62 Sec. 4. The Employer 66 Under Section 18 66 Scope of Section 67 Under such Employment 68 On Terms that Copyright shall belong to such Proprietor 68 Joint Employers 71 Payment 71 Author's Separate Rights 72 Employer's Rights where Section 18 does not apply 73 Sec. 5. The Assignee 74 [x] Before Publication 74 After Publication 77 Partial Assignment 80 Assignment distinguished from Licence 81 Sec. 6. The Licensee 82 Sec. 7. The Executors or Administrators 83 Sec. 8. The Trustee in Bankruptcy 83 CHAPTER IV INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN BOOKS Sec. 1. Prohibited Acts, and Remedies 84 Causing to be Printed 85 Damages 86 Account of Profits 86 Injunction 86 Delivery up of Copies 89 Customs Act 91 Every Offence 91 Limitation of Action 91 Pleading 92 Evidence 94 Discovery 94 Mode of Trial 94 Costs 95 Sec. 2. What is a Piratical Copy 96 What is a Copy 97 A Substantial Part must be Taken 97 No Animus Furandi need be Proved 100 Taking not necessarily for Profit 101 Copying may be Indirect and Unintentional 102 Custom of Trade 102 Fair Use 103 No one can Monopolize a Field of Labour 103 No Infringement to take Facts 104 No Infringement to take the General Scheme of another's Work 105 Every Author must do his own work 105 Work with a Different Object 109 Extract for purpose of Criticism 111 Improvement or Addition of New Matter no Excuse 112 Dramatization of a Novel 114 Abridgments 114 Translations 116 Licence 118 Abandonment 119 Acquiescence and Delay 119 Provision against the Suppression of Books 119 CHAPTER V PERFORMING RIGHTS Sec. 1. Nature of Performing Right 120 Sec. 2. Performing Right at Common Law 121 Sec. 3. What is a Dramatic Work 123 Sec. 4. What Dramatic Works are Protected, and Duration of Protection 126 Sec. 5. What is a Musical Composition 130 Sec. 6. What Musical Works are Protected, and Duration of Protection 130 Sec. 7. Registration of Performing Rights 131 Musical Compositions 133 Sec. 8. Assignment of Performing Rights 134 Sec. 9. Infringement of Dramatic Performing Rights 135 Public Performance 135 [xi] Substantial Part 138 Causing to be Represented 139 Knowledge 142 Innocent Agents 142 Licence 142 Sec. 10. Infringement of Musical Performing Rights 142 Substantial Part 142 Public Performance 143 Causing to be Represented 143 Sec. 11. Remedies for Infringement of Dramatic Performing Rights 144 Sec. 12. Remedies for Infringement of Musical Performing Rights 145 CHAPTER VI COPYRIGHT IN ENGRAVINGS Sec. 1. What Works are Protected 146 What is an Original Engraving 146 Originality 147 Maps, Charts, and Plans 148 Engravings in a Book 149 Must the Engraving be made within the British Dominions 150 The Engraving must be First Published within the British Dominions 150 Date of First Publication and Proprietor's Name 151 Name of Proprietor 151 Immoral Works 152 Duration of Protection 152 Sec. 2. The Owner of the Copyright 152 The Engraver 152 The Employer 153 The Assignee 154 Sec. 3. Infringement of the Copyright 155 Prohibited Acts and Remedies 155 Guilty Knowledge 156 Limitation of Action 156 Costs 156 Copying for Private Use 156 What is a Piratical Copy 156 Licence a Defence 159 CHAPTER VII COPYRIGHT IN SCULPTURE Sec. 1. What Works are Protected 161 What is an Original Sculpture 161 The Sculpture must be First Published within the British Dominions 162 Publication 162 Author's Nationality 162 Proprietor's Name and Date 162 Proprietor's Name 163 Date 163 Immoral Works 163 Duration of Protection 163 Sec. 2. The Owner of the Copyright 164 The Artist 164 The Employer 164 The Assignee 164 Sec. 3. Infringement of the Copyright 164 Prohibited Acts and Remedies 164 Guilty Knowledge 165 Limitation of Action 165 Copying for Private Use 165 What is a Piratical Copy 165 [xii] [xiii] CHAPTER VIII COPYRIGHT IN PAINTINGS, DRAWINGS, AND PHOTOGRAPHS Sec. 1. What Works are Protected 167 Every Original Painting, Drawing, and Photograph 167 Originality 167 Artistic Merit 168 Publication Outside the British Dominions 168 Published 169 Nationality or Residence of Artist 170 Registration 171 The Requisite Entry 171 Name 173 Place of Abode 173 Short Description 173 Immoral W 174 Duration of Protection 174 Sec. 2. The Owner of the Copyright 174 The "Author" 174 The Employer 175 The Assignee 176 Sec. 3. Infringement 177 Prohibited Acts and Remedies 177 Cause or Procure 178 Innocent Agent 179 Unlawful Copy 179 Separate Offence 179 Copying for Private Use 180 Action on Breach of Contract 180 Fraudulent Acts 180 Limitation of Action 181 Evidence 181 What is a Piratical Copy 181 No Monopoly 181 What is a Copy 181 General Idea may be Taken 182 Material Part 183 Indirect Taking 184 Guilty Knowledge 184 Replicas 184 Licence a Defence 184 CHAPTER IX COLONIAL COPYRIGHT Books 186 Artistic Works 191 CHAPTER X INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT Works Produced in His Majesty's Dominions 193 Works Produced in Foreign Countries with which this Country has no Treaty 193 Works Produced in Foreign Countries with which this Country has a Treaty 193 What Foreign Works are entitled to Protection 195 Produced 195 Character of Work 196 Unpublished Works 196 Special Provisions 197 Works Produced in Foreign Countries before 6th December 1887 197 [xiv] Formalities Required in case of Foreign Work 198 Who are Entitled to Sue in respect of a Foreign Work 200 Evidence of Title 200 Protection afforded to Foreign Works 200 Works Published before 6th December 1887 202 Translating Right 203 Articles in Newspapers and Periodicals 204 Photographic Works 204 Performing Right in Dramatic or Dramatic Musical Works 204 Express Provision as to particular kind of Infringement 205 CHAPTER XI COMMON LAW Title—Passing off 206 No Copyright in Title. 206 Whether Protection is based on a Right of Property in Title 207 Knowledge of Existence and Value on the part of the Public 208 Non-user of Title 208 No Fraud need be Proved 209 Must be Calculated to Deceive 209 Cases in which an Injunction Granted 209 Cases where Injunction Refused 211 Malicious Criticism 213 Slander of Title 213 Author who has parted with Copyright is entitled to Protect his Reputation 213 Protection from Breach of Faith or Contract 215 Unpublished Works 220 Speeches and Sermons 223 Letters 225 CHAPTER XII PUBLISHING AND PRINTING AGREEMENTS Publishers' Agreements 227 Printers' Agreements 230 PART II THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY 235 CHAPTER II WHAT WORKS ARE ENTITLED TO COPYRIGHT Sec. 1. An Original Literary or Artistic Work 236 Sec. 2. Nationality of the Author 247 Sec. 3. Necessary Formalities 250 Conditions Precedent 251 Delivery of Title 251 Delivery of Description 253 Delivery of Copies 253 Printing in the United States 254 Retrospective Provision 254 Notice of Copyright 255 Publication 260 Sec. 4. Immoral Works 266 [xv] Sec. 5. Duration of Copyright 267 CHAPTER III WHO IS THE OWNER OF THE COPYRIGHT Sec. 1. The Author 269 Sec. 2. The Employer 271 Sec. 3. The State 272 Sec. 4. The Assignee 272 CHAPTER IV INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT Sec. 1. What is a Piratical Copy 276 Copying may be Indirect 277 The Intention need not be Bad 277 Proof of Copying 277 No Monopoly in the Subject-Matter 278 Taking a Substantial Part 279 Fair Use 281 Improvement no Excuse 283 Different Object 283 Extract for Review 284 Abridgments 284 Translations 286 Dramatic Performing Right 286 Musical Rights 287 Sec. 2. Prohibited Acts and Remedies 287 Account of Profits 289 Damages 290 Penalties 290 Forfeiture 290 Injunction 291 Who is Liable 291 Limitation of Action 292 Acquiescence 292 Pleading 293 Penalties for affixing False Notice 293 Importing Books Printed outside the United States 294 CHAPTER V COMMON LAW RIGHTS Sec. 1. Published Work 296 Passing Off 296 Sec. 2. Unpublished Work 298 APPENDIX BRITISH STATUTES The Engraving Copyright Act, 1734 303 The Engraving Copyright Act, 1766 305 The Copyright Act, 1775 (Universities) 307 The Prints Copyright Act, 1777 310 The Sculpture Copyright Act, 1814 311 The Dramatic Copyright Act, 1833 313 The Lectures Copyright Act, 1835 315 The Prints and Engravings Copyright Act, 1836 316 The Copyright Act, 1836 (Compensation to Libraries) 317 The Copyright Act, 1842 317 [xvi] [xvii] The International Copyright Act, 1844 329 The Colonial Copyright Act, 1847 337 Copyright in Designs Act, 1850, secs. 6 and 7 (Sculpture) 338 The International Copyright Act, 1852 339 The Fine Arts Copyright Act, 1862 343 The International Copyright Act, 1875 348 The Canada Copyright Act, 1875 349 The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1876 350 The Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act, 1882 351 The International Copyright Act, 1886 353 The Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act, 1888 360 The Revenue Act, 1889 361 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Berne Convention, 1886 361 Order in Council, 1887 370 The Additional Act of Paris, 1896 373 Order in Council, 1898 376 TREASURY MINUTE Government Publications Treasury Minute, 1887 377 AMERICAN STATUTES Revised Statutes, 1874 379 Act of Congress, June 18, 1874 384 " " August 1, 1882 384 " " October 1, 1890 385 " " March 3, 1891 385 " " March 3, 1893 389 " " March 2, 1895 390 " " January 6, 1897 390 " " March 3, 1897 391 TABLE OF CASES N. B. In the page references the figures in larger type indicate that the facts of the case will be found most fully stated on that particular page. ENGLISH, SCOTCH, IRISH, INDIAN, AND COLONIAL CASES Abernethy v. Hutchinson 1825 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209 37, 38, 219, 222, 224 Adams v. Batley 1887 18 Q. B. D., 625 144 Aflalo v. Lawrence — [1902], 1 Ch., 264 71 Ager v. Collingridge 1886 2 T. L. R., 291 20 Ager v. P. & O. Steam Navigation Co. 1884 26 Ch. D., 637 20, 102, 118 Alexander v. Mackenzie 1847 9 D., 748 23, 101, 104 Allen v. Lyon 1884 5 Ont. Rep., 615 118 Anglo-Canadian v. Suckling 1889 17 Ont. Rep., 239 191 Anonymous Case 1774 Lofft., 775 115 Anstruther v. Bentley 1866 14 W. R., 630 228 Archbold v. Sweet 1832 5 C. and P., 219 214 Austria, Emperor of, v. Day 1861 4 L. T. (N. S.), 494 90 Avanzo v. Mudie 1854 10 Exch., 203 200 Avery v. Wood — [1891], 3 Ch., 115 144, 156 Bach v. Longman 1777 2 Cowp., 623 36, 97 [xviii] [xix] Baily v. Taylor 1829 1 Russ. and My., 73 15, 23, 86, 87, 98, 105, 109 Barfield v. Nicholson 1824 2 Sim. and Stu., 1 62, 220, 229 Barnett v. Glossop 183 1 Bing., N. C., 633 93 Baschet v. London Illustrated Standard — [1900], 1 Ch., 73 46, 152, 174, 179, 180, 201 Baskett v. Cunningham 1762 1 Wm. Black, 370 59, 60 Baskett v. University of Cambridge 1758 2 Burr., 661 59 Bastow, ex parte 1854 14 C. B., 631 54, 81, 82 Beal, ex parte 1868 L. R., 3 Q. B., 387 91, 173, 179, 181, 184 Beckford v. Hood 1798 7 T. R., 620 36, 47, 86, 206 Beere v. Ellis 1889 5 T. L. R., 330 138 Bell v. Walker 1785 1 Bro. Ch. Cas., 450 115 Bell v. Whitehead 1839 8 L. J. Ch., 141 112 Bensley v. Bignold 1822 5 B. and Ald., 335 230 Bentley v. Foster 1839 10 Sim., 329 42 Black v. Murray & Son 1870 9 M., 341 12, 26, 27, 111 Blackie v. Aikman 1827 5 Sh., 719 229 Blackwell v. Harper 1740 2 Atk., 93 146, 151, 152 Blake v. Nicholson 1814 3 M. and S., 167 230 Blanchett v. Ingram 1887 3 T. L. R., 687 38 Bleaden v. Hancock 1829 4 C. and P., 152 230 Bogue v. Houlston 1852 5 De G.and Sm., 267 12, 34, 149 Bohn v. Bogue 1846 10 Jur., 420 98, 101 Bolton v. Aldin 1895 65 L. J. Q. B., 120 181 Bolton v. London Exhibitions 1898 14 T. L. R., 550 179, 183 Boosey v. Davidson 1846 4 D. and L., 147 92, 93 " " 1849 13 Q. B., 257 42, 94 Boosey v. Fairlie 1877 7 Ch. D., 301 26 Boosey v. Jefferys 1851 4 Exch., 145 42 Boosey v. Purday 1846 10 Jur., 1038 93 " " 1849 4 Exch., 145 40, 42 Boosey v. Whight, — [1899], 1 Ch., 836 11, 12 " " — [1900], 1 Ch., 122 11, 33, 97 Borthwick v. Evening Post 1888 37 Ch. D., 449 88, 207, 209, 212 Boucicault v. Chatterton 1876 5 Ch. D., 267 36, 41, 127, 128, 129 Boucicault v. Delafield 1863 1 H. and M., 597 41, 129, 193 Boydell v. Drummond 1809 11 East., 142 230 Bradbury v. Beeton 1869 39 L. J. Ch., 57 207, 209, 211 Bradbury v. Dickens 1859 27 Beav., 53 207 Bradbury v. Hotten 1872 L. R., 8 Ex., 1 99, 109, 110 Bradbury v. Sharp 1891 [1891], W. N., 143 89 Bramwell v., Halcomb 1836 3 My. and Cr., 737 99 Bridgman v. Green 1755 2 Ves. Sen., 627 219 Britain v. Hanks 1902 Wright, J., April 15 162, 163 British Museum v. Payne 1828 2 Y. and J., 166 56 Brooke v. Chitty 1831 2 Coop. Cas., 216 229 Brooke v. Milliken 1789 3 T. R., 509 91 Brooks v. Cock 1835 3 Ad. and E., 138 151 Brooks v. Religious Tract Society 1897 45 W. R., 476 183, 184 Brown v. Cooke 1846 16 L. J. Ch., 140 68, 71 Burnett v. Chetwood 1720 2 Mer., 441 46, 117 Butterworth v. Kelly 1888 4 T. L. R., 430 84 Butterworth v. Robinson 1801 5 Ves., 709 28, 115 Buxton v. James 1851 5 De G. and Sm., 80 40, 41, 42, 87 Byron v. Johnston 1816 2 Meriv., 29 215 Cable v. Marks 1882 47 L. T. (N. S.), 432 31 Cadell v. Anderson 1787 Mor. Dic., 8310 26 Caird v. Sime 1887 12 A. C., 326 37, 38, 220, 221, 222 Cambridge University v. Bryer 1812 16 East, 317 56, 86 [xx] Campbell v. Scott 1842 11 Sim., 31 88, 101, 112 Caproni v. Alberti 1892 40 W. R., 235 162 Carnan v. Bowles 1786 1 Cox Cha. Cas., 283 16, 27, 113, 164 Carr v. Hood 1808 1 Camp., 354 n 213 Cary v. Faden 1799 5 Ves. 24 16, 46 Cary v. Kearsley 1802 4 Esp., 168 16, 75, 98, 100, 101, 113 Cary v. Longman 1801 1 East, 358 12, 16, 26 Cassell v. Stiff 1856 2 K. and J., 279 53, 202 Cate v. Devon 1889 40 Ch. D., 500 11, 21, 48, 50, 88, 99, 100, 102 Chappell v. Boosey 1882 21 Ch. D., 232 121, 127 Chappell v. Davidson 1855 2 K. and J., 123 210 " " 1856 18 C. B., 194 46, 49, 87, 93 Chappell v. Purday 1843 12 M. and W., 303 54, 55, 79 " " 1845 14 M. and W., 303 40, 42 Chappell v. Sheard 1855 2 K. and J., 117 50, 210 Chatterton v. Cave 1875 L. R., 10 C. P., 572 25, 26, 98, 123, 139 " " 1878 3 A. C., 483 25, 26, 97, 98, 102, 138 Chilton v. Progress Printing Co. — [1895], 2 Ch., 29 14, 33 Church v. Linton 1894 25 Ont. Rep., 131 19, 24, 33 Clark v. Bell 1804 Mor. Dic. Literary Property, App. 9 92 Clark v. Bishop 1872 25 L. T. (N. S.), 908 47, 120, 124, 133, 134 Clarke v. Freeman 1848 11 Beav., 112 214 Clarke v. Price 1819 2 Wills, C. C., 157 227 Clay v. Yates 1856 1 H. and N., 73 231 Clement v. Maddick 1859 1 Giff., 98 101, 207, 209, 210 Clementi v. Golding 1809 2 Camp., 25 11, 36 Clementi v. Walker 1824 2 B. and C., 861 40, 41, 75, 77 Clowes v. Hogg 1870 W. N., 268 210 Cobbett v. Woodward 1872 L. R., 14 Eq., 407 18, 19, 95, 238 Cocks v. Purday 1848 5 C. B., 860 40, 42, 76, 77, 79, 93 Colburn v. Duncombe 1838 9 Sim., 151 76, 78 Colburn v. Simms 1843 2 Hare, 543 85, 86, 90 Cole v. Gear 1888 4 T. L. R., 246 141 Coleman v. Wathen 1793 5 T. R., 245 37, 122 Collette v. Goode 1878 7 Ch. D., 842 93 Collingridge v. Emmott 1887 57 L. T. (N.S.), 864 50, 51, 71 Collis v. Cater 1898 78 L. T. (N. S.), 613 19 Comyns v. Hyde 1895 43 W. R., 266 35, 149 Constable v. Brewster 1824 3 S., 215 209, 229 Cooper, in re 1902 19 Pat. Des. and Trade Mark Cases, 53 31 Cooper v. Stephens — [1895], 1 Ch., 567 34, 78, 81, 98, 99, 118, 154, 160 Cooper v. Whittingham 1880 15 Ch. D., 501 84, 85, 87, 102 Coote v. Ingram 1887 35 Ch. D., 117 95 Coote v. Judd 1883 23 Ch. D., 727 70, 93 Cornish v. Upton 1861 4 L. T. (N. S.), 862 17 Corns v. Griffiths 1873 [1873], W. N., 93 210 Correspondent Newspaper v. Saunders 1865 11 Jur. (N. S.), 540 48, 208 Cowan v. Milbourn 1867 L. R., 2 Ex. 46 Cowen v. Hulton 1882 46 L. T. (N. S.), 897 212 Cox v. Cox 1853 1 Eq. Rep., 94 77, 214 Cox v. Land and Water 1869 L. R., 9 Eq., 324 11, 21, 48, 89, 206 Cumberland v. Copeland 1861 7 H. and N., 118 134 " " 1862 1 H. and C., 194 77 Cumberland v. Planché 1834 1 A. and E., 580 135 D'Almaine v. Boosey 1835 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288 36, 37, 42, 97, 113, 115, 142 Davidson, ex parte 1853 18 C. B., 296 54, 55 " " 1856 2 E. and B., 577 54 Davidson v. Bohn 1848 6 C. B., 456 77, 80, 164 [xxi] [xxii] Davis v. Comitti 1885 52 L. T. (N. S.), 539 14, 32 Day v. Simpson 1865 18 C. B. (N. S.), 680 126 De Berenger v. Wheble 1819 2 Stark, 548 157 Delfe v. Delamotte 1857 3 K. and J., 581 86, 90 Delondre v. Shaw 1828 2 Sim., 237 42, 86 Dennison v. Ashdown 1897 13 T. L. R., 226 79 Dickens v. Lee 1844 8 Jur., 183 116 Dicks v. Brooks 1880 15 Ch. D., 22 95, 157, 159, 213 Dicks v. Yates 1881 18 Ch. D., 76 48, 52, 96, 207, 212 Dobson, ex parte 1892 12 N. Z. L. R., 171 41, 80 Dodsley v. Kinnersley 1761 Amb., 403 115, 116 Dodson v. Martin 1880 24 Sol. J., 572 46 Donaldson v. Beckett 1774 2 Bro. P. C., 129 6, 8, 61, 122, 152, 206, 220 Du Bost v. Beresford 1810 2 Camp., 511 174 Duck v. Bates 1884 13 Q. B. D., 843 136 Duck v. Mayen 1892 8 T. L. R., 339 142 Dupuy v. Dilkes 1879 48 L. J. Ch., 682 79, 172 Eaton v. Lake 1888 20 Q. B. D., 378 77, 118, 134, 142 Ellis v. Marshall 1895 11 T. L. R., 522 175, 176, 180 Ellis v. Ogden 1894 11 T. L. R., 56 175, 176 Exchange Telegraph v. Central News — [1897], 2 Ch., 48 37, 219 Exchange Telegraph v. Gregory — [1896], 1 Q. B., 147 37, 219 Eyre v. Carnan 1781 6 Bac. Abr., 509 59 Eyre v. Walker 1735 4 Burr., 2325 6 Fairlie v. Boosey 1879 4 A. C., 711 53, 134 Farina v. Silverlock 1858 4 K. and J., 650 168 Fishburn v. Hollingshead — [1891], 2 Ch., 371 199, 200 Fisher v. Folds 1834 1 Jon. Ir. Ex., 12 35 Fitzbull v. Brooke 1844 2 D. and L., 477 144 Fores v. Johnes 1802 4 Esp., 97 152, 174 Forrester v. Walker 1741 4 Burr., 2331 220 Fourmat v. Pearson 1897 14 T. L. R., 82 14 French v. Day 1893 9 T. L. R., 548 141 Frowde v. Parish 1896 27 Ont. Rep., 526 77, 191 Fuller v. Blackpool Winter Gardens — [1895], 2 Q. B., 429 124, 126, 131 Gale v. Leckie 1817 2 Stark, 107 227 Gambart v. Sumner 1859 5 H. and N., 5 156 Gambart v. Ball 1863 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306 157, 182 Garland v. Gemmill 1887 Canada, 14 S. C. R., 321 16, 106, 108, 256 Gee v. Pritchard 1818 2 Swanst., 402 225, 226 Geissendorfer v. Mendelssohn 1896 13 T. L. R., 91 170 Gibson v. Carruthers 1841 8 M. and W., 321 227 Gilbert v. Boosey 1889 The Law Times, Sept. 28, 1889 214 Gilbert v. Star Newspaper 1894 11 T. L. R., 4 218 Gillett v. Mawman 1808 1 Taunt., 140 230, 231 Goubard v. Wallace 1877 36 L. T. (N. S.), 704 47 Grace v. Newman 1875 L. R., 19 Eq., 623 19, 77 Granard v. Dunkin 1809 1 Ball and B., 207 225 Graves, ex parte 1868 L. R., 3 Ch., 642 178 Graves, ex parte Walker 1869 L. R., 4 Q. B., 715 54, 55, 168, 172, 173, 176, 182 Graves v. Ashford 1867 L. R., 2 C. P., 410 152, 157, 182 Graves v. Gorrie 1900 32 Ont. Rep., 266 192 Graves v. Mercer 1868 16 W. R., 790 156 Green v. Irish Independent 1899 [1899], 1 I. R., 386 180 Grierson v. Jackson 1794 Irish T. R., 304 59 [xxiii] Griffin v. Kingston 1889 17 Ont. Rep., 660 33 Griffith v. Tower Publishing Company — [1897], 1 Ch., 21 227 Grimson v. Eyre 1804 9 Ves., 341 86 Guggenheim v. Leng 1896 12 T. L. R., 491 35, 183, 185 Guichard v. Mori 1831 9 L. J. (O. S.), Ch. 227 Gyles v. Wilcox 1740 2 Atk., 142 25, 115 Hall, in re 1899 24 Vict., L. R., 702 54 Hall v. Whittington 1892 18 Vict., L. R., 525 21 Hanbury v. Dumsday 1884 10 Vict., L. R. Eq., 272 32 Hanfstaengl v. American Tobacco — [1895], 1 Q. B., 347 198, 199 Hanfstaengl v. Baines — [1895], A. C., 20 182, 184 Hanfstaengl v. Empire Palace — [1894], 2 Ch., 1 167, 182 Hanfstaengl v. Empire Palace — [1894], 3 Ch., 109 182, 184, 196 Hanfstaengl v. Holloway — [1893], 2 Q. B., 1 198, 199, 203 Harris v. Smart 1889 5 T. L. R., 594 49, 94 Harrison v. Hogg 1794 2 Ves., 322 151 Hasker v. Wood 1885 54 L. J. Q. B., 419 144, 156 Hatton v. Kean 1859 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268 26, 63, 123 Hayward v. Lely 1887 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418 26, 46, 51, 93 Hazlitt v. Templeman 1866 13 L. T. (N. S.), 593 77 Hedderwick v. Griffin 1841 3 D., 383 27 Henderson v. Maxwell 1876 4 Ch. D., 163 51 " " 1877 5 Ch. D., 892 48 Hereford, Bishop of, v. Griffin 1848 16 Sim., 190 70, 73 Hildesheimer & Faulkner v. Dunn 1891 64 L. T. (N. S.), 452 35, 53, 74, 149 Hildesheimer v. Faulkner — [1901], 2 Ch., 552 179, 180 Hime v. Dale 1803 2 Camp., 27 n 11, 46 Hodges v. Welsh 1840 2 Ir. Eq. Rep., 266 28, 70, 111 Hogg v. Kirby 1803 8 Ves., 215 46, 86, 87, 104, 209, 213, 229 Hogg v. Maxwell 1866 L. R., 2 Ch., 307 48 Hogg v. Scott 1874 L. R., 18 Eq., 444 47, 88, 92, 107, 119 Hole v. Bradbury 1879 12 Ch. D., 886 47, 54, 81, 90, 92, 93, 227 Hollinrake v. Truswell — [1894], 3 Ch., 420 14, 32, 36, 105 Holt v. Woods 1896 17 N. S. W. Eq., 36 80, 135 Hotten v. Arthur 1863 1 H. and M., 603 18, 19, 20, 94, 101, 106 Houston v. Mills 1834 1 M. and Rob., 325 230 Howard v. Gunn 1863 32 Beav., 462 225 Howitt v. Hall 1862 6 L. T. (N. S.), 348 79, 80 Hutchins, ex parte 1879 4 Q. B. D., 483 135 Ingram v. Stiff 1859 5 Jur. (N. S.), 947 210 Isaacs v. Fiddemann 1880 49 L. J. Ch., 412 47, 90 Jarrold v. Heywood 1870 18 W. R., 279 98 Jarrold v. Houlston 1857 3 K. and J., 708 24, 88, 94, 100, 101, 105, 106, 113, 211 Jefferys v. Baldwin 1753 Amb., 164 146 Jefferys v. Boosey 1854 4 H. L. C., 815 15, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 76, 77, 79, 80, 119, 164, 206, 218, 221 Jefferys v. Kyle 1856 18 D., 906 76 Johnson, in re 1902 19 Pat. Des. and Trade Mark Cases, 56 31 Johnson v. Egan 1880 24 Sol. J., 572 229 Johnson v. Newnes — [1894], 3 Ch., 663 12, 52, 70, 72 Johnson v. Wyatt 1863 2 De G. J. and S. 88 Jovatt v. Winyard 1820 1 Jac. and W., 394 216 Kelly v. Byles 1879 40 L. T. (N. S.), 623 207, 211 [xxiv] Kelly v. Hodge 1873 29 L. T. (N. S.), 387 90 Kelly v. Hooper 1841 1 Y. and C. Ch. Cas., 197 86, 99 Kelly v. Hutton 1868 L. R., 3 Ch, 703 207, 229 Kelly v. Morris 1866 L. R., 1 Eq., 697 16, 17, 88, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113 Kelly v. Wyman 1869 17 W. R., 399 94 Kelly's Directories v. Gavin & Lloyds — [1901], 1 Ch., 374 16, 85, 95, 140 Kenrick v. Lawrence 1890 25 Q. B. D., 99 168, 174, 175 Kenrick v. Danube Collieries 1891 39 W. R., 473 14, 37 King v. Reed 1804 8 Ves., 223 23 Kyle v. Jefferys 1859 3 Macq., 611 77, 78 Lacy v. Rhys 1864 4 B. and S., 873 47, 133, 134, 135 Lacy v. Toole 1867 15 L. T. (N. S.), 572 78 Lamb v. Evans — [1893], 1 Ch., 218 12, 17, 67, 69, 104, 105, 217, 237 " " — [1892], 3 Ch, 462 88 Latour v. Bland 1818 2 Stark, 382 78, 83, 119 Lauri v. Renad — [1892], 3 Ch., 402 65, 79, 198, 203 Lawrence v. Smith 1822 Jac., 471 46 Leader v. Purday 1849 7 C. B, 4 26, 50, 78, 93, 130, Leader v. Strange 1849 2 C. and K., 1010 84 Lee v. Gibbings 1892 8 T. L. R., 773 215 Lee v. Simpson 1847 3 C B., 871 102, 123, 136, 142 Lennie v. Pillans 1843 5 D., 416 24, 98, 105 Leslie v. Young — [1894], A. C., 335 12, 22, 98, 113, 237 Levi v. Champion 1887 3 T. L. R., 286 175 Levy v. Rutley 1871 L. R., 6 C. P., 523 64, 78 Lewis v. Chapman 1840 3 Beav., 133 87 Lewis v. Fullarton 1839 2 Beav., 6 24, 88, 89, 106, 107 Leyland v. Stewart 1876 4 Ch. D., 419 77, 134 Licensed Victuallers v. Bingham 1888 38 Ch. D., 139 207, 208 Liverpool v. Commercial Press — [1897], 2 Q. B., 1 53, 78, 82, 96 London Printing v. Cox — [1891], 3 Ch., 291 52, 78, 118, 172, 176, 185 London Stereoscopic v. Kelly 1888 5 T. L. R., 169 183 Longman v. Winchester 1809 16 Ves., 269 16, 17, 24, 104, 105, 109 Louie v. Smellie 1895 11 T. L. R, 515 217 Lover v. Davidson 1856 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182 26, 41, 50, 53, 78, 130 Low v. Routledge 1864 L. R, 1 Ch., 42 47, 51, 53 Low v. Ward 1868 L. R, 6 Eq., 415 12, 44 Lucas v. Cooke 1880 13 Ch. D., 872 53, 80, 176 Lucas v. Williams — [1892], 2 Q. B., 113 181 Lyon v. Knowles 1863 3 B. and S., 556 140 Lytton v. Devey 1884 52 L T. (N. S.), 121 225, 226 MacFarlane v. Oak Foundry 1883 10 R., 801 46 Mack v. Petter 1872 L. R., 14 Eq., 431 207 Macklin v. Richardson 1770 Amb., 694 37, 120, 121, 222 Mackmurdo v. Smith 1798 7 T. R., 518 151 Maclean v. Moody 1858 20 D., 1154 20, 62, 76 Macmillan v. Shamsal 1894 Ind. L. R., 19 Bomb., 557 116 Macmillan v. Suresh Chunder Deb 1890 Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 25, 47, 51, 52, 77, 92 Macneill v. Williams 1847 11 Jur., 344 23, 87 Manners v. Blair 1828 3 Bligh (N. S.), 391 59 Maple v. Junior Army and Navy Stores 1882 21 Ch. D., 369 13, 14, 19, 26, 34, 51, 69, 87, 95, 97, 149, 238 [xxv] [xxvi] Marchant v. Evans 1818 2 Moore, 14 230 Marsh v. Conquest 1864 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418 47, 121, 134, 135, 140 Marshall v. Broadhurst 1831 1 Tyrw., 348 227 Marshall v. Petty 1900 17 T. L. R., 501 34, 78, 154, 160 Martin, in re 1884 10 Vict. L. R., 196 54 Martin v. Wright 1833 6 Sim., 297 113, 155, 156, 158, 213 Marzials v. Gibbons 1874 L. R., 9 Ch., 518 24, 65 Mason v. Murray — Cited, 1 East, 360 26 Mathieson v. Harrod 1868 L. R., 7 Eq., 270 51 Matthewson v. Stockdale 1806 12 Ves., 270 15, 16, 104, 105, 109 Mavor v. Pyne 1825 3 Bing., 285 230 Mawman v. Gillett 1809 2 Taunt., 325 231 Mawman v. Tegg 1826 2 Russ., 385 83, 86, 88, 94, 99, 104, 105, 111 Maxwell v. Hogg 1867 L. R., 2 Ch., 307 14, 51, 207, 208 Maxwell v. Somerton 1874 22 W. R., 313 95, 102 Mayall v. Higbey 1862 1 H. and C., 148 180, 223 Mayhew v. Maxwell 1860 1 J. and H., 312 52, 72, 73 Melville v. Mirror of Life — [1895], 2 Ch., 531 174, 175, 176 Merryweather v. Moore — [1892], 2 Ch., 518 217 Metzler v. Wood 1878 8 Ch. D., 606 46, 95, 211 Millar v. Taylor 1769 4 Burr., 2303 6, 7, 37, 42, 59, 115, 117, 119, 206, 220, 221 Moffat & Paige v. Gill 1902 C. A., April 25 25, 26, 109 Monaghan v. Taylor 1886 2 T. L. R., 685 141 Moore v. Clarke 1842 9 M. and W., 692 157, 183 Morang v. Publishers 1900 32 Out. Rep., 393 53, 78, 188 Morison v. Moat 1851 9 Hare, 241 219 Morocco Bound Syndicate v. Harris — [1895], 1 Ch., 534 193 Morris v. Ashbee 1868 L. R., 7 Eq., 34 16, 17, 18, 87, 105, 107, 108, 119 Morris v. Colman 1812 18 Ves., 437 228 Morris v. Kelly 1820 1 Jac. and W., 481 79, 121 Morris v. Wright 1870 L. R., 5 Ch., 279 16, 108, 109 Morton v. Copeland 1855 16 C. B., 517 78, 118, 143 Motte v. Falkner 1735 4 Burr., 2326 6 Moul v. Groenings — [1891], 2 Q. B., 443 202, 203 Muddock v. Blackwood — [1898], 1 Ch., 58 84, 86, 92 Munshi v. Mirza 1890 Ind. L. R., 14 Bomb., 586 116 Murray v. Benbow 1822 Jac., 474 n 46 Murray v. Bogue 1852 1 Drew, 353 26, 51, 99, 102, 117 Murray v. Elliston 1822 5 B. and A., 804 114, 115, 121 Murray v. Heath 1831 1 B. and A., 804 159, 180 Murray v. MacFarquhar 1785 Mor. Dic., 8309 110 Neale v. Harmer 1897 13 T. L. R., 209 99 Newman v. Pinto 1887 57 L. T. (N. S.), 31 46 Newton v. Cowie 1827 4 Bing., 234 34, 148, 151, 152, 157 Nicholls v. Parker 1901 17 T. L. R., 482 180, 185 Nicol v. Stockdale 1785 3 Swanst., 687 59 Nicols v. Pitman 1884 26 Ch. D., 374 11, 37, 38, 97, 110, 118, 222, 224 Nottage v. Jackson 1883 11 Q. B. D., 627 52, 57, 62, 65, 171, 174 Novello v. Sudlow 1852 12 C. B., 177 86, 97, 102 Novello v. James 1854 24 L. J. Ch., 111 87 Oliver v. Oliver 1861 11 C. B. (N. S.), 139 225 Ollendorff v. Black 1850 4 De G. and Sm., 209 42 Osborne v. Donaldson 1765 2 Eden, 327 6 Oxford and Cambridge v. Gill 1899 43 Sol. J., 570 102, 113 Oxford and Cambridge v. Richardson 1802 6 Ves., 689 59 Page v. Townsend 1832 5 Sim., 395 150 [xxvii]