A TEXTBOOK OF ^ L I N I C A L OPHTHALMOLOGY 3rd edition A Practical Guide to Disorders of the Eyes and Their Management A TEXTBOOK OF ^ L I N I C A L OPHTHALMOLOGY 3rd edition A Practical Guide to Disorders of the Eyes and Their Management Ronald Pitts Crick FRCS, FRCOphth Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist, King's College Hospital, London Lecturer Emeritus in Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry of King's College, University of London President, International Glaucoma Association Peng Tee Khaw PhD, FRCP, FRCS, FRCOphth, FIBiol, FRCPath, FMedSci Professor of Glaucoma and Wound Healing Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Director, Wound Healing Research Unit Moorfields Eye Hospital and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London Adjunct Professor, University of Florida, U.S.A. 1st Hong Leong Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore V|fe World Scientific « New Jersey London Singapore Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY - (3rd Edition) Copyright © 2003 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-238-128-7 ISBN 981-238-150-3 (pbk) Printed by Fulsland Offset Printing (S) Pte Ltd, Singapore To Roger and Valerie Jocelyn and Peggy WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING ACKNOWLEDGE THE SUPPORT GIVEN IN THE PRODUCTION OF THIS BOOK BY THE INTERNATIONAL GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATION Registered Charity No: 274681 108c Warner Road, London, SE5 9HQ UK t 1 Relief Of a Glaucoma TO WHICH THE AUTHORS' ROYALTIES WILL BE DONATED The authors and the publisher of this volume have taken care to make certain that the doses of drops and schedules of treatment are correct and compatible with the standards generally accepted at a time of pub- lication. Nevertheless, as new information becomes available, changes in treatment and in the use of drugs become necessary. The reader is advised to consult carefully the instruction and information material included in the package insert of each drug or therapeutic agent before administration. This advice is especially important when using new or infrequently used drugs. The authors and publisher disclaim any liabili- ty, loss, injury or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indi- rectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume. SUB EDITORS David C. Broadway MD, BSc (Hons), FRCOphth, DO Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Norfolk and Norwich University NHS Trust. Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of East Anglia Ocular Trauma and Conjunctiva. Chapters 7, 8, 24 Peter Constable MA, MD, FRCOphth Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading. Strabismus and Disorders of Ocular Motility, Functional Eye Disorders and Therapeutics Pt.l Chapters 11, 19, 21,32 M. Francesca Cordeiro MB BS, MRCP, FRCOphth Welcome Trust Research Fellow, Glaucoma Unit and Wound Healing Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. Ophthalmic Aspects of Blood Diseases, Endocrine and Systemic Immune Disorders Chapters 15, 16, 18 Martin D. Pitts Crick MB BS, FRCS, FRCOphth Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Royal Bournemouth Hospital. Vascular, Vitreous and Retinal Disease Chapters 6,14, 27, 29 Alexander J.E. Foss DM, MA, FRCOphth, MRCP Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham. Uveal Diseases Chapters 7, 28 Helena J. Frank B Med Sci, MB BS, FRCS, FRCOphth, DO, Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Royal Bournemouth Hospital. Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction Chapter 4 David S. Gartry MD, BSc (Hons), FRCS, FRCOphth, DO, FCOptom Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Cornea! and External Diseases Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. Diseases of the Cornea, Sclera and Lens Chapters 6, 7, 25, 26 ix