A Sketch Of Kagayanen Clause Structures Carol Jean Pebley SummerInstitute OfLinguistics 0. Introduction The purpose ofthis paper is to give a briefsketch ofKagayanen clause structures as backgroxind information for the otherpapers on Kagayanen in this volume. Many details, e.g. differences in marked and unmarked forms, differences in intentional and imintentional actions or whether the Theme (Patient) is totally or partially affected, are omitted. 1. Verbal Clauses Thereare twomainclausetypesin Kagayanen: verbal andnonverbal.Averbalclause has a verb and one or more noun phrase arguments. Verbal clauses are classified as transitive (section 1.1) or intransitive (section 1.2).i 1,1. Transitive Clauses A transitive clause has two obligatory argimients, Agent and Patient (or Agent and Theme in localist case g—ranmiar), in its basic—form. The basic order of constituents in a transitiveclaiaseisverb ergativeNP(Agent) absolutiveNP(Theme), i.e. Kagayanenis a VSO language. 1.1.1. Basic Transitive Clause withActive Transitive Verb The unmarked form of semantically transitive motion verbs, bidirectional verbs, causative verbs, ditransitive verbs and utterance verbs occurs in a basic active transitive clause in which the Agent is the ergative noun phrase, the Theme is the absolutive noun phrase and is cross-referenced on the verb by the affixpa-, and the Location is an oblique nounphrase,exceptforcausativeclauseswherethenuclearLocationiscovertintheverb.2 Thus, the Agent, Theme and Location have a CAUSE GOTO orientation: that is, the Agent causestheThemetomovetowardtheLocation, as inexample 1 withthetransitive motion ^ I am grateful to Mary Ruth Wise for her help and suggestions in writing this paper. Louise MacGregor andJacquelineHugginsalsomademanyhelpftilsuggestions. ^ InlocalistcasegrammarLocationcaneitherbeaphysicalsiteorastateandinKagayanenLocations thatarestates arealways covertNPs in thattheyneveroccur in theclause. © 1999LinguisticSocietyofthePhilippinesandSummerInstituteofLinguistics ) CarolJeanPebley verb batang*put\3 Examples with the bidirectional verb eles *borrow/lend', the causative verbmod'cut', the ditransitiveverbatag'give', andthe utteranceverbanibal'say'are in 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. VERB ERG ABS OBL (1 Pabatang din bulak an naan ta lamisa. pa=batang din bulak an naan ta lamisa ACT,TH,R=put 3,SG,ERG flower DEF,M SPAT,DEF OBL table *She^ putthefloweron the table.* VERB ERG (2) Paeles ta katagsa pa=eles ta katagsa ACT,TH,R=borrow/lend ERG cousin ASketch ofKagayanenClauseStructures 1,1.2. Basic Transitive Clauses with Perception and Cognition Transitive Verbs The unmarked form ofa perception verb (example 6) and a cognition verb (example 7) occurs in a transitive clause in which the Theme is the absolutive noun phrase, as in example 7, and is cross-referenced on the verb by the affix na--an; the absolutive can be replacedbyacomplementclause, asinexample6.TheLocationisanergativenounphrase. The Theme and the Location have a GOTO orientation: that is, the Theme moves toward the Location. VERB ERG (6) (7) VERB ASketch ofKagayanenClauseStructures 1.1.4. Transitive Clauses with Derived Transitive Verbs A transitive clause (example 14) can have a verb derived from an intransitive verb (example 15) with the verbal affixpa-^ v^^hich cross-references an absolutiveTheme. VERB ERG ABS OBL (14) Pasakay din karton an naan ta pambot ya. pa=sakay din karton an naan ta pambot ya ACT,TH,R=ride 3,SG,ERG box DEF,M SPAT,DEF OBL pumpboat DEF,F *He puttheboxonthe pumpboat.' VERB ABS OBL (15) Gasakay kanen an naan ta pambot ya. ga=sakay kanen an naan ta pambot ya ACT,TH,R=ride 3,SG,ABS DEF,M SPAT,DEF OBL pumpboat DEF,F 'Herode thepumpboat.* An applicative transitive clause can be derived from all the different types of intransitive clauses (see section 1.2 for intransitive clauses) with the verbal affixpa--an. With intransitive motion verbs (example 16) and bodily process verbs (example 17) the oblique Location is promoted to the absolutive noun phrase and is cross-referenced with pa--an and the Theme is the ergative noun phrase. VERB (16) Patakasan pa=takas=an ACT,LOC,R=ascend= (17) CarolJeanPebley With some stative verbs (example 19), some process verbs (example 20), some meteorological verbs (example 21) and some emotion verbs (example 22) the Theme is cross-referenced withpa- an; and an Agent is the ergative noun phrase and the nuclear Location is covert. VERB ERG ABS (19) Paitaan din gulay an. pa=ita=an din gulay an ACT.TH,R=soft= 3,SG,ERG vegetables DEF,F 'Hesoftened thevegetables.* VERB ERG ABS (20) Pasikalan din waig an. pa=sikal=an din waig an ACT,TH.R=boil= 3,SG.ERG water DEF,M 'She boiled the water.* VERB ERG ABS (21) Paadiawan din bayo din an. pa=adlaw=an din bayo din an ACT,TH.R=sun= 3,SG,ERG clothes 3,SG,GEN DEF,M 'He puthisclothes in thesun.* VERB ERG ABS (22) Paadlekan din ayam an. pa=adlek=an din ayam an. ACT,TH,R=afraid= 3,SG,ERG dog DEF,M *Hemade thedogafraid.* 1*2. Intransitive Clauses Anintransitiveclausehasonlyoneobligatoryargument,ThemeorAgent,whichisthe initiator ofthe action in active intransitive clauses and which is the experiencerorTheme in stative and process clauses. The argument is covert with meteorological clauses. 1.2.1. Active Intransitive Clauses There are two types of active intransitive clauses, intransitive clause with a motion verb (section 1.2.1.1) and with an activity verb (section 1.2.1.2). The one obligatory argument with the intransitive motion clause is Theme and with the intransitive activity clause is Agent. 1,2A,1. Intransitive Clause withIntransitiveMotion Verb Theunmarkedformofasemanticallyintransitivemotionverb(example23) occursin an intransitive clause in which the Theme is the absolutive noim phrase and is cross-referencedontheverbbytheaffixga-, andtheLocationisanobliquenounphrase. In such a representation, theTheme is characterized as inherently suited to the action ofthe verb, in the sense thattheTheme appears to be designed to participate inthe action. Also, VERB (26) ASketch ofKagayanenClause Structures naan ta gulay. naan ta gulay SPAT OBL vegetables 'He experienced a (strong) tastefrom the largequantityofginger in thevegetables/ VERB ABS OBL (31) Natignawan kanen an ta uran. na=tignaw=an kanen an ta uran STAT.TH,R=cold= 3,SG,ABS DEF,M OBL rain *He feltcold fromthe rain.' VERB ABS OBL (32) Nalayugan kanen an ta mama ya. na=layog=an kanen an ta mama ya ACT.TH,R=tall= 3,SG,ABS DEF,M OBL man DEF,F *He feltthe manwasverytall. (Lit: He felttallness bytheman.)* Some stative verbs (example 33), process verbs (example 34), meteorological verbs (example 35), causative verbs (example 36), and activity verbs (example 37) occur in an intransitive clause which is similar in form to the intransitive clause examples in 30-32 except that the meaning is that something happened to the Theme, which is usually a person, and caught him/her off guard. The Theme is the absolutive noun phrase and is cross-referencedonthederivedintransitiveverbwiththeaffixna—an,AnonnuclearAgent occurs (exceptwith meteorologicalverbs) in the oblique phrase. VERB (33) Napatayan na=patay=an STAT,TH,R,APT=die= (34) (35) (36) 10 CarolJeanPebley VERB ABS OBL (37) Nakan-anan kanen an ta sidda. na=kan-an=an kanen an ta sidda STAT,TH,R=eat= 3,SG,ABS DEF,M OBL fish *Thefishate(thebait)onhim." 2. Nonverbal Clauses Anonverbalclauseisconstructedofatopicandacomment.Thetopicisanoimphrase and the commenthas a variety ofstructures depending on the clause type. 2.1. Equative Clauses Equative clauses are constructed oftwo phrasesjuxtaposed; the first is the comment andthesecondthetopic. Thisordercanbeswitchedforemphasis.Thetopicnounphrasein anequativeclauseisdefiniteandhasnocasemarker. Ifthetopicnounphraseisapronoun itcanoccurafterthefirstwordinthecommentmakingthecommentadiscontinuousnoun phrase. 2A.1. Descriptive Clause Thecommentofadescriptiveclause(example38)isanadjectiveoradjectivephrase. COMMENT (38)