JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA MEMORIAE NICOLAI VAN WIJK DEDICATA edenda curat C. H. VAN SCHOONEVELD Indiana University Series Practica, 191 A SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY OF BLACK ENGLISH by PHILIP A. LUELSDORFF Universität Regensburg 1975 MOUTON THE HAGUE • PARIS © Copyright 1975 in The Netherlands Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publishers. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 72-94483 Printed in Hungary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present study was conceived and begun in 1966-67 while I was Project Linguist with the Urban Language Study of the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington, D.C. To the Director of the Center, Charles A. Ferguson, the Director of the Urban Language Study, Joey L. Dillard, and the Coordinator of Linguists of the Urban Language Study, Marvin D. Loflin, I owe a profound debt of gratitude for providing a free and provocative environment within which to work. The first draft of this work was completed during the summer of 1969 and the second draft during the winter of 1970.1 wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to Charles W. Kreidler for his comments on the first draft which resulted in numerous improvements. To Frances Lamberts and Wendy Uncles I am grateful for graciously volunteering to assist in the preparation of the typescripts. No study exists in vacuo, least of all the following. My debt to Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle and the handful of researchers on Black English, especially William Labov and William A. Stewart, is pervasive. To Marvin D. Loflin, however, I owe much of my intellectual independence and inspiration. Without his initiative, encour- agement, and sincere devotion to the pursuit of truth, this study would never have seen the light of day. Last but not least, I wish to thank my principal informant for his unbounded pa- tience and tolerance during the 500 hours of elicitation which provided the empirical foundations upon which this study rests. It is to him that this study is gratefully and respectfully dedicated. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments 5 I Introduction 9 II Dialectology in Generative Grammar 21 III Segment Structure Conditions 32 IV Sequence Structure Conditions 44 V Phonology of the Word 59 VI Phonology of Inflection 73 VII Phonology of Derivation 80 VIII Conclusion 87 Bibliography 90 Index of Names 92 Index of Citation Forms 93 Index of Subjects 99 I INTRODUCTION 0. SUMMARY In Section 1 I state the purpose of the present study. Section 2 supplies background information relevant to the present study and details several shortcomings inherent in the approach adopted. Section 3 provides a summary statement of the theoretical framework within which the study is written. Section 4 contains a brief discussion of field procedures, stressing the importance of systematic elicitation to the construc- tion of a generative grammar. Section 5 is a review of the literature related to the phonology of Black English and a statement of the major differences between pre- vious conclusions and those presented in this study. The final section is a statement of the way in which the present study is organized. \. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study is both empirical and theoretical. On the one hand, I present a description of the segmental phonology of a dialect of English spoken by Black adolescents in the District of Columbia. On the other, I attempt to contribute to the development of phonological and dialectological theory by providing some basis for specifying the ways in which the. dialect under investiga- tion differs phonologically from Standard English. In addition, I hope that the re- sults of this study will prove useful to those interested in preparing pedagogical mate- rials for the teaching of Standard English as a second dialect1. 2. BACKGROUND The data for this study were collected over a ten month period in 1966-67 while I was Project Linguist with the Urban Language Study of the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington, D.C.2. The principal informant was a fourteen-year-old 1 Cf. Luelsdorff (1970). 2 The data elicited support a much broader study than the present work. 10 INTRODUCTION male native resident of Washington who turned fifteen during the course of the elicitation. Some of the results of the study are generalizable to the speech of other Blacks in the Washington area and in Delaware and New York. The scope of the study and the theoretical framework in which it is written (trans- formational grammar) necessitated working in depth with one informant over a protracted period of time. Several shortcomings are inherent in this kind of approach. First of all, working with only one principal informant leaves the problem of the extent to which the analysis is generalizable to other portions of the Black community an open question. In this regard, I can only hope that future research will contribute to our understanding of the nature and extent of interpersonal variation in Black speech. Second, it became apparent during the course of this investigation that variant pronunciations existed in the speech of the principal informant for what were intui- tively felt by him to be one and the same words. This phenomenon of intrapersonal variation emerged only after an attempt lasting several months to encourage the informant to speak with me as naturally and uninhibitedly as he would with his family and friends. Although it is difficult to assess the extent to which this attempt was successful, the large number of doublets elicited testifies to some measure of success. Typically, the informant described one of the pronunciations as the way he would speak when talking with family and friends and the other as the way he would speak when talking with teachers and strangers. I labeled (unoriginally) the former pronunciation 'casual' and the latter 'careful'. In the vast majority of cases, careful pronunciation corresponds to Standard English. Third, in view of the length of the period of elicitation coupled with the informant's daily exposure to Standard English, it was expected that the informant's speech patterns would change in the direction of more formal Standard English. I attempted to cope with this dynamic situation by the process of socialization mentioned above and by a preliminary survey of the segmental phonology in which some of the major dialect variants were noted. One of the most obvious changes was the articulation of preconsonantal and word-final r's in a dialect which, at the outset of the study, was r-less. 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study is written within the theoretical framework of generative phonology. Of the descriptions of the form and substance of generative phonology, those of Chomsky and Halle (1968), McCawley (1968), Stanley (1967, 1968), and Zwicky (1965) are among the best. A generative phonology is a set of rules which are divided into three subgroups according to their function3. The first of these subgroups contains redundancy condi- 3 Chomsky & Halle (1968) discuss the necessity of a fourth group of rules, called "readjustment rules".