Author Chronologies General Editor:Norman Page, Emeritus Professor of Modern English Literature, University of Nottingham, UK Published titles include: William Baker A WILKIE COLLINS CHRONOLOGY A HAROLD PINTER CHRONOLOGY J. L. Bradley A RUSKIN CHRONOLOGY Michael G. Brennan and Noel J. Kinnamon A SIDNEY CHRONOLOGY 1554–1654 Gordon Campbell A MILTON CHRONOLOGY Alison Chapman and Joanna Meacock A ROSSETTI FAMILY CHRONOLOGY Edward Chitham A BRONTË FAMILY CHRONOLOGY Martin Garrett A BROWNING CHRONOLOGY ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING AND ROBERT BROWNING A MARY SHELLEY CHRONOLOGY A. M. Gibbs A BERNARD SHAW CHRONOLOGY Graham Handley AN ELIZABETH GASKELL CHRONOLOGY J. R. Hammond A ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON CHRONOLOGY AN EDGAR ALLAN POE CHRONOLOGY AN H. G. WELLS CHRONOLOGY A GEORGE ORWELL CHRONOLOGY Edgar F. Harden A WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY CHRONOLOGY A HENRY JAMES CHRONOLOGY AN EDITH WHARTON CHRONOLOGY Lisa Hopkins A CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE CHRONOLOGY John Kelly A W. B. YEATS CHRONOLOGY Owen Knowles A CONRAD CHRONOLOGY, SECOND EDITION Nicholas Maltzahn AN ANDREW MARVELL CHRONOLOGY John McDermott A HOPKINS CHRONOLOGY Roger Norburn A JAMES JOYCE CHRONOLOGY A KATHERINE MANSFIELD CHRONOLOGY Norman Page AN EVELYN WAUGH CHRONOLOGY AN OSCAR WILDE CHRONOLOGY John Pilling A SAMUEL BECKETT CHRONOLOGY Peter Preston A D. H. LAWRENCE CHRONOLOGY Author Chronologies Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–71484–3 hardback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England, UK A Romantics Chronology, 1780–1832 Martin Garrett © Martin Garrett 2016 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-55269-6 ISBN 978-1-137-27327-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-27327-7 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents Preface vi General Editor’s Preface viii Chronology 1 Sources 254 Author/Name Index 257 Title Index 278 Subject Index 314 v Preface Between 2 and 9 May 1814 the annual Royal Academy exhibition opened, Louis XVIII arrived in Paris and Napoleon on Elba, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin met Percy Bysshe Shelley for either the first or the second time, Byron saw Kean as Iago at Drury Lane, and Mansfield Park was published. One of the main purposes of a chronology is to reveal juxtapositions, connections, possible links. It cannot, given the immense amount of material available for the years 1780–1832, be very detailed. But it should, I hope, provide readers with some leads to pursue. The choice of opening and closing date is inevitably some- what arbitrary, but in the early 1780s writers including Crabbe, Wollstonecraft and Burns are active, and in 1832 Scott and Goethe die and the Reform Act passes into law. At the beginning such repre- sentatives of an older generation as Samuel Johnson are still writing, and in the late 1820s and early 1830s many people usually thought of as Victorians are starting their careers. In 1832 Elizabeth Barrett is twenty-six, Alfred Tennyson twenty-three, Charles Dickens twenty. The chronology focuses in particular detail on the life and works of Austen, Blake, Burns, Byron, Coleridge, Hazlitt, Hemans, Keats, Charles and Mary Lamb, Landon, Scott, Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley, Turner, Wollstonecraft and William and Dorothy Wordsworth. Beyond this group there are varying levels of coverage of other writers, painters, dramatists, actors and composers of the period in Britain, and of relevant political, religious, military, sci- entific and industrial developments. Material from other countries is included either where it has special bearing on Britain or where it illustrates the more general climate of the time: what, sometimes surprisingly, coincides with what. For both these reasons there is a fair amount on the French Revolution, the Napoleonic wars, and German and French Romanticism. Perceived Romanticism is not a necessary qualification for inclusion. Different spheres and ideas overlap, integrate or collide, and figures traditionally seen as non- or anti-Romantic (Austen, for instance) may of course be influenced by or influence those who are normally considered Romantic. vi Preface vii The format is simple. Events that can be assigned to a particular day are followed, at the end of the month, by material datable only by month rather than day. Some events and publications are gathered, similarly, at the end of the relevant year. Sometimes a sequence of events or of responses – journeys, reactions to Waterloo and Peterloo – are collected together rather than listed strictly chronologically. People’s full names and dates are given when they are first men- tioned. Usually first name or initials as well as surname continue in use where there are two or more people with the same surname, for instance Sir Joshua and John Hamilton Reynolds, John Constable the painter and Archibald Constable the publisher. There are occa- sional exceptions to this rule: for example it seems unnecessary, in the light of just a few occurrences of John Scott of The London Magazine, always to use Sir Walter Scott’s full name. MARTIN GARRETT General Editor’s Preface Most biographies are ill-adapted to serve as works of reference – not surprisingly so, since the biographer is likely to regard his function as the devising of a continuous and readable narrative, with excur- sions into interpretation and speculation, rather than a bald recital of facts. There are times, however, when anyone reading for busi- ness or pleasure needs to check a point quickly or to obtain a rapid overview of part of an author’s life or career; and at such moments turning over the pages of a biography can be a time-consuming and frustrating occupation. The present series of volumes aims at providing a means whereby the chronological facts of an author’s life and career, rather than needing to be prised out of the narra- tive in which they are (if they appear at all) securely embedded, can be seen at a glance. Moreover, whereas biographies are often, and quite understandably, vague over matters of fact (since it makes for tediousness to be forever enumerating details of dates and places), a chronology can be precise whenever it is possible to be precise. Thanks to the survival, sometimes in very large quantities, of let- ters, diaries, notebooks and other documents, as well as to thor- oughly researched biographies and bibliographies, this material now exists in abundance for many major authors. In the case of, for example, Dickens, we can often ascertain what he was doing in each month and week, and almost on each day, of his prodigiously active working life; and the student of, say, David Copperfield is likely to find it fascinating as well as useful to know just when Dickens was at work on each part of that novel, what other literary enterprises he was engaged in at the same time, whom he was meeting, what places he was visiting, and what were the relevant circumstances of his per- sonal and professional life. Such a chronology is not, of course, a substitute for a biography; but its arrangement, in combination with its index, makes it a much more convenient tool for this kind of pur- pose; and it may be acceptable as a form of ‘alternative’ biography, with its own distinctive advantages as well as its obvious limitations. Information not readily assignable to a specific month or day is given as a general note under the relevant year or month. Each viii General Editor’s Preface ix volume also contains a bibliography of the principal sources of information. In the chronology itself, the sources of many of the more specific items, including quotations, are identified in order that the reader who wishes to do so may consult the original contexts. NORMAN PAGE