HYM. RES. J. Vol. 9(2), 2000, pp. 324-346 A Review of the Sphexflavipennis Species Group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae: Sphecini) A. S. Menke1 and W. J. Pulawski (ASM) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, USDA, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. 20560-0168, USA; (WJP) Dept. of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118-4599, USA, e-mail: [email protected] — Abstract. The Sphexflavipennis species group, a Palearctic assemblage formerly called the max- illosus species group, is characterized, its species are diagnosed, keyed, their distributions sum- marized, and male antennae illustrated. The large Eurasian wasp formerly known as maxillosns Fabricius or rufocinctus Brulle must now be calledfnnerarius Gussakovskij. Similarly, the species formerly known as afer Lepeletier must now be called leuconotus Brulle. The following species are included (new synonyms are listed in parentheses): atropilosns Kohl, 1885; flavipennis Fabricius 1793 (rufocinctus Brulle 1833);fnnerarius Gussakovskij 1934 (maxillosus Fabricius 1793, a junior homonym of Sphex maxillosus Poiret 1787; obscurus Fischer de Waldheim 1843; and mavromous- takisi de Beaumont 1947); leuconotus Brulle 1833 (triangulum Brulle 1833, a junior homonym of Sphex triangulum Villers 1789; afer Lepeletier 1845; sordidus Dahlbom 1845; tristis Kohl 1885; pluniipes Radoszkowski 1886, a junior homonym of Sphex plumipes Drury 1773; and pachysoma Kohl 1890); libycus de Beaumont 1956; melas Gussakovskij 1930; and oxianus Gussakovskij 1928 (nubilis de Beaumont 1968). A lectotype is designated for Sphexfunerarius Gussakovskij 1930, and a neotype is designated for Sphex leuconotus Brulle 1833. Descriptive notes are provided for the typematerialofSphexatropilosnsKohl,fitnerarius Gussakovskij, leuconotusBrulle, rufocinctusBrulle, and triangulum Brulle. It is rather ironic, after all these years, In 1994 both of us restudied the types and that the proper scientific names have not confirmed our prior assessments of them. been established for Sphex maxillosus Fa- These were important findings because bricius 1793 and afer Lepeletier 1845, since van der Vecht (1959) noted that maxillosus these represent two of the largest Palearc- Fabricius was a junior homonym and the tic sphecid wasps. This problem is cor- species needed a replacement name. Van rected here. Initially our study was der Vecht believed that leuconotus Brulle prompted by Menke's examination in was the oldest available replacement for 1964 of Brulle's type specimens at the Mu- maxillosus. However, we are certain that seum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, leuconotus is a senior synonym of afer Le- which suggested that two taxa recognized peletier. In this paper we establish that fu- by Kohl (1890) as synonyms of maxillosus nerarius Gussakovskij is the proper name (rufocinctus Brulle and triangulum Brulle) for maxillosus Fabricius and leuconotus Tw1h9e7ir5se, wwnahosto rcceoon-rserpxoeabcmoirifaniteceddwtihtbehysatPmhuaeltamwasstpekerciiiaelsi..n BruOlulre tshteudpyrohpaesr nenaambelefdoruasfertoLecpoenlsettriuecr.t an identification key to the Palearctic spe- cies of the flavipennis group. This key 'Mailing address: Ammophila Research Institute, should be regarded as provisional because 1429 Franklin St., Bisbee, AZ 85603-6211, USA, these wasps are taxonomically difficult, e-mail: [email protected] and we have not made an exhaustive Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 325 study of the species. Too little is known sian Academy of Sciences, St. Peters- about geographic variation in theflavipen- burg, Russia nis group, particularly the color of the USNM: United States National Museum wings, setation, legs, and gaster. These of Natural History, Washington D.C., may prove tobe variable within some spe- U.S.A. cies, but a very large specimen database Wien: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, would be required to resolve species lim- Austria its and the significance of geographic var- Zurich: Entomologisches Institut, Eidge- iation. The apparent variation in male nossische Technische Hochschule, Zur- placoid distribution on the antenna also ich, Switzerland needs to be carefully analyzed, as well as METHODS possible variation in the male genitalia. Currently the male genitalia seem identi- Morphological terms used here follow cal or nearly so in the taxa we discuss Bohart and Menke (1976) except that we here. follow Salmon (1929) for the name of the The family group names used in the ti- curved, cord-like "tendon" at the base of tle are based on Melo (1999). the petiole. Salmon called this the funicle, and we adopt his term because it is not a SOURCES OF MATERIAL tendon in the true sense of the word. Measurements of the abdominal petiole Abbreviations used to indicate location are made as follows: the width is mea- of specimens are listed below with corre- sured at the base of tergum I, the length sponding institutions. is measured from the base of the funicle CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San (on the petiole) to the base of tergum I. Francisco, California, U.S.A. When describing color we use the term Copenhagen: Zoologisk Museum, Copen- "red" to indicate non-black areas of the Denmark Drehasgdeenn,: Staatliches Museum fur Tierkun- alepgpsr.oIxnimreaatleitsy,amthbeert,ruoercroeldordimsohrbercolwonseliyn de, Dresden, Germany many instances. Setal color is described as Genova: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale pale or white vs. dark brown or black. In "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy some cases, pale or white setae are really Krakow: Instytut Systematyki i Ewolucji silver. Zwierzat, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kra- For the uncommonly collected species kow, Poland we have listed locality records known to Lausanne: Musee Cantonal de Zoologie, us. Lausanne, Switzerland The fourth edition of the International Lund: University of Lund, Lund, Sweden Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Menke: A. S. Menke Collection, Ammo- 1999) stipulates in Article 74.7.3 that "to phila Research Institute, Bisbee, Arizo- be valid, a lectotype designation made af- na, U.S.A. ter 1999 must contain an express state- Moscow: Zoological Museum, Moscow ment of the taxonomic purpose of the des- State University, Moscow, Russia ignation". These statements must accom- Palermo: Istituto di Zoologia, Universita pany each designation (Article 74.3). Tra- di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ditionally lectotype designations have Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Natu- been indicated by the words "present des- relle, Paris, France ignation" and the purpose is clear to all, Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, namely to fix the identify of the name in- Stockholm, Sweden volved. To add a statement after each des- St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Rus- ignation seems redundant and repetitive 326 Journal of Hymenoptera Research to us, but to satisfy the Code, we have fol- gellomeres are more elongate than in lowed "present designation" with the fol- those two species. The female mid and lowing statement "in order to ensure the hindlegs are black, but the foretibia and name's proper and consistent use". tarsus are reddish. ^^ Theflavipennis Species Group grSQpuepcieigs discriminaetsipoendailnltyheinflafveimpaenlneiss The species discussed here belong to a Previous authors have used wing color, lineage that de Beaumont (1960) called the setal color, presence or absence of long se- maxillosus group. Because maxillosus is a tae on the femora, and proportions of the junior homonym, we have renamed it the petiole and/or comparisons of its length flavipennis group, using the oldest valid witn the length of one of the hindtarso- species name. meres to separate females ofsome species. Females of the flavipennis group share However, the separation of females of/la- the following defining characters: clypeal vipennis, /unerarius, and oxianus is partic- disk conspicuously convex, but abruptly ularly vexing, and association with males depressed near free margin, delimiting a may often be the only reliable way to narrow, flat rim; labral apex with inverted identify these species. The most useful Y- or V-shaped carina whose arms project male character is the number and width as small lobes; base of Y or V often ex- of placoids on the flagellum (although tending as a median carina toward labral they are variable in /umrarius especially; base. In addition to these apparently de- see that spedes bdow for details). other rived characters, the species lack certain ^male features that h^ave been used by pre. specializations of other Sphex: the metan- vious WQrkers are ]ength rf tRe lateml otum is simple (not bituberculate); the bmshes of sternum V the form of srprpraocpreodd/,ealtradnosvresr,usme,cl,aarcki,snae,coaorrse,wriwnikdleelsyJ; G^t.he1ene1crlaylplneya,l1 ihtc_roeweevmearrg,i•n,t.,ih_easnedjIcI,cuhoalr1oarctpeartsut.earrn.e psgk.Maareowarn,cnveTlodttns,li,.eiuh„iklcsp.esiti.jhnssagegpFi.pr1e.agpac9orpbnani3uriret.r4fip.,ose.eicp:rnc(icoia.tu=oaodn.ls1tnrce.Jyrmteaotaa.1lp1olxi7iain9lt1clss3,ohikli,seodut.sfrseuhs/ueepusarKinlt,..froeraFuorahcar11alckbl1e,rulsrsiloi,11uawcoa80sriif8t0nu5gcvsgsG,erpruro/ePn1tasolc7aisav.i9lci1ae3eean.-,-sl-, univtss.irpoanoetlTu,ancvshyswiem.ueehoa,es,hofll,del1o„otlaf,,eh.ydvwl,eet1a,rinhib°gestenlo,er.aiJrafnga_rallbu,ctall.su,vaiY.eia.uo.rvatntweM,enshin,adotni.lfriehn,.sasoetlrpau°gapgprnrterredejonooariuvarwt.ip•l.i\an.dli.opr,eid.frsT_ae.o-ohkntf,ltemee.i.aiey,lectcse.rp,hka,e.als.nt.ern,ihicedsen--, cords and other valuable information on nec Poiret 1787; ru/ocinctus ofauthors after ' 1975), leuconotus Brulle 1833 (= a/er Lepe- sPecies in the flavipennis group: Kohl letier 1845), libycus de Beaumont 1956, me- (1890)' worldwide revision of genus; Dus- las Gussakovskij 1930, and oxianus Gus- met and Mercet (1906), Spanish species; sakovskij 1928. Roth (1925), North African species; Ber- In addition to the seven species listed land and Bernard (1949), French species; above we have studied three males and de Beaumont (1951), Moroccan species, one female from Morocco collected at Ait- and (1960), placoids of male antenna; Sco- Saouin (between Ouarzazate and Agdz) biola (1960), Romanian species; Kazenas southwest of the Jbel Sarhro Mts. (CAS) (1978), Kazakh species; Pulawski (1978), that may be a new species or an extreme species of the European part of former form of one of the currently known spe- USSR; Mingo and Gayubo (1984), Spanish cies. They resemble flavipennis and funer- species; Hamon, Fonfria, and Tussac arius, but the male antenna has broad pla- (1991), French species; and Bitsch et al. coids on flagellomeres IV-VI, and the fla- (1997), western European species. Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 327 KEY TO SPECIES OF THE SPHEX FLAVIPENNIS GROUP Females 1. Erect setae of head and thorax dark brown or black 2 - Erect setae of head and thorax white or pale yellow 4 2. Gaster red and black (at least tergum II partly red); foretibia(at least partly) and tarsus amber, midtibia partly amber; wings yellow tinted with dark apical band, veins brown; Iberian Peninsula to Greece, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Kazakhstan; Algeria(?) Kohl atropilosus - Body all black; wings darkly infumate, with no apical band 3 3. Appressed setae of face brown; hindfemur asetose; Iran, Turkmenistan melas Gussakovskij - Appressed setae of face silver; hindfemur with erect setae; northeastern Libya, northwest- ern Egypt libycus de Beaumont 4. Petiole wider than long (as measured dorsally from base of funicle to base of tergum I) or at least not longer than wide; Mediterranean region to central Asia leuconotus Brulle - Petiole longer than wide 5 5. Legs black (including tarsi); gaster usually all red (sometimes bicolored or all black); east- ern Mediterranean region to Afghanistan and Tajikistan oxianus Gussakovskij - Some or all legs partly to entirely red (at least foretibia with some red apically); gaster bicolored (all black in some areas of Kazakhstan, Siberia, China); widespread in Palearctic Region 6 6. Pronotal collar and scutum with appressed white setae (best seen from in front); length mm 24-32 flavipennis Fabricius - Pronotal collar and scutum without appressed white setae (scutum sometimes with nar- rmomw, median stripe of white setae or traces of white setae posterolaterally); length 16-26 funerarius Gussakovskij Males 1. Flagellomere III with placoid 2 - Flagellomere III without placoid 4 2. Erect setae of head and thorax dark brown or black; flagellomeres III-VII with placoids; at least tergum II partly red; Iberian Peninsula to Greece, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Ka- zakhstan; Algeria(?) atropilosus Kohl - Erect setae of head and thorax white or pale yellow; placoid distribution and gaster color variable 3 3. Gaster red basally, black distally (western Palearctic; Sichuan, China), or all black (e. Ka- zakhstan, Siberia; Gansu, China); placoids usually present on flagellomeres III-VIII (Fig. 2), but sometimes on II-VIII, II-IX, III-VI (Fig. 1), III-IX (or IV-VI in Corsica) funerarius Gussakovskij - Gaster all black; placoids present on flagellomeres III-VI (Fig. 3); eastern Mediterranean region to Tajikistan and Afghanistan oxianus Gussakovskij 4. Wings nearly uniformly darkly infumate, with no apical darkband; remainingbodyblack; erect setae of head and thorax dark brown or black 5 - Wings nearly hyaline or yellowish to slightly infumate, with darker apical band; gaster at least partly red; legs black or partly red; erect setae ofhead and thorax dark brown to pale yellow or white 6 5. Iran, Turkmenistan melas Gussakovskij - Northeastern Libya, northwestern Egypt libycus de Beaumont 6. Flagellomeres V-VI (Figs. 6-7) or only VI with placoids; gaster color variable flavipennis Fabricius - Flagellomeres IV-VI with placoids (Figs. 4-5) (Corsican funerarius will key here, butgaster is red and black); gaster black leuconotus Brulle 328 Journal of Hymenoptera Research Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 329 Figs. 4-9. Scanning electron photographs of male antenna showing placoids on flagellomeres (= F). 4-5, Sphex leuamotus, 4 isspecimen from Cherkes, Cvprus with placoidson F IY-YI; 5 isspecimen fromZaragoza, Spain with placoids on F rV-VI. 6-7, Sphex flauipennis, 6 is specimen from Carpentras, France with placoids on F Y-VI; 7 is specimen from Zaragoza, Spain with placoids on F V-VL 8, Sphex melas from Repetek, Turk- menistan with placoids on F V-VI. 9, Sphex libycus from Marsa Matruh, Egypt with placoids on F V-YI. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES (Africa); Chaudoir 1947:142 (France); Zavalil Sphex atropilosus Kohl AannddraSndoefl1a9k49:1894(8P:o1r6t8uga(lC)z;ecBheorsllaonvdakainad);Bedre- Sphex maxUlosus var. atropilosus Kohl 1885:202. nard 1949:4 (France); Hamon 1950:29 Holotype: female, "Tultscha" [= Tulcea, Ro- (France); Benedek 1968:70 (Hungary); Bal- mania] (VVien), examined. thasar 1972:421 (Czechoslovakia); Kazenas Sphex.atrohirtus Kohl 1890:437 (lapsus for and 1978:40 (Kazakhstan); Dollfuss 1989:12, 15 redescription ofatropilosus, raised to species.) (type material); Padr (in Sedivy) 1989:166 Subsequent records as atropilosus: Berland 1952: (Slovakia). — 88 (France); Leclercq 1955:19 (Africa); Le- Recognition. The dark erect setae of the cgmalorenyr)ct;q1d19e9655B6::e13a42u4(mG(orGnereteceec1)e9;)6;2P:uB1al9jaa(wrSsipka1ii9n5)17;9:77d89e:1(B8He3uanu(s--. hfwiertaohdm oratehndedranstdpheocbrilaeaxsckidnistthienfgaUunwidisphenantirsopgirlTooshuueps Russia, Caucasus); Mingo and Gayubo 1984: legs gaster. short female most minimallv 145 (Spain); lozan 1986:367 (Hungary); Ga- petiole (at yubo 1987:106 (Spain); Hamon, Fonfria, and longer than wide) is similar to that of leu- Tussac 1991:131 (France); Bitsch et al., 1997: amotus, but the erect setae are pale in that 69 (s. France); Shkuratov 1998:97 (RostovOb- species. The female mid- and hindfemora last', Russia). have erect setae but thev are shorter on Subsequent records as atrohirtus: Roth 1925:397 the dorsum than in leuamotus. The broad Figs. 1-3. Scanning electron photographs of male antenna showing placoids on flagellomeres ( F). 1-2, Sphexfunerarius, 1 is specimen from Tanger, Morocco with placoidson F III-Y1 2 is specimen from Italy with placoids on F III-YII1. 3. Sphex oxianus from Kondara Canyon, Tadjikistan with placoids on h III-YI 330 Journal of Hymenoptera Research placoids on male flagellomeres III-VII dif- 1.1X its apical width, but it is usually ferentiate atropilosus from leuconotus which slightly more than the distal width (ex- has narrower ones on IV-VI (Figs. 4-5). ample ratios are 18:17, 19.5:17, 21:20). The size range of female atropilosus is 18- Sometimes the dimensions are equal. In mm 27 which is somewhat less than the the largest female studied, a specimen 27 common parameters for females of leucon- mm long labeled Oran, the petiole is otus (22-33 mm). — slightly shorter than its width (ratio21:24). Material examined. Kohl's holotype In smaller specimens from Oran the peti- bears his handwritten label "atrohirtus ole is as long as wide. Increasingbodysize Kohl Type", and he obviously intended thus may be correlated with a shortening wthaessppuebcliiesshendamaseattroopbielosautsr.ohAirtsues,cobnudtfei-t otfhatnhewipdeteio(l2e0..5T:1h7e.5,maOlreanp;et2i0o:l1e4,isGrleoencgee).r male from "Transcauc." also has Kohl's Gaster color in the female from Cher- label "atrohirtus Kohl type" (Vienna), but nozemel'sk is similar to the holotype, but it was not mentioned in the original de- the red is limited to tergum I apically and scription and cannot be a type. It was list- laterally and tergum III basolaterally. Red ed by Kohl (1890) who also had material is reduced in the Spanish females: narrow from Sarepta (= Volgograd, Russia). strip along distal margin of tergum I, ter- Other material examined: SPAIN: Vil- gum II laterally, and most of sternum II. larina, Salamanca, July 21, 1995 (female, The Spanish male is similar, but addition- MMeennkkee)),, VMaalddreipden(afse,maJlue,neCA21S,);19F8R3A(NmCalEe:, aolfltyehragsumreIdIIl(aMt.erOalhllyiantlittht.eteoxMternemkeebsaasyes Canet, June 14, 1948 (female, Menke), St. tergum III is all black in Spanish males he Nazaire, June 14, 1948 (male, Menke); has studied). A female and male from GREECE: Kalamata (one of a series stud- France are similar, but the red is more ex- ied by de Beaumont 1965) (male, CAS); km NW tensive in the female: tergum II all red, CRGhUEeSRrSInIAoA:z,emK"eaOllr'masyknk,(Rfee1pm8ua9lb5el",i,c:CAc1So0)l;lecatnedd AbLoy-f maanldeIrIIedrceodvebrassotlhaetesrialdleys.ofIntetrhgeumGrI,eealkl Schmiedeknecht (three females, one male, nofuImI, tearngdumthIeIIbabsaaslolhaatlefraolrlys,o oalflsotfersnteurm- Vienna) and identified by Kohl as "atro- II, hirtus" However, these III. Algerian(i.se.p,ecatirmoepinlsosums)a.y have incorrect Legs are bicolored in females, but the amount of black and red varies. The fe- provenance labels (see Distribution be- male from Russia is similar to the holo- low). — Holoh/pe features. Kohl's holotype has type, but the posterior surface of the for- yellow tinted wings. The legs are largely etibia is black. The midleg of one female black but the following are reddish: ante- from Oran is black except for a small, cir- rior face of forefemur, and all of foretibia cular amber spot at the femoral apex, and and tarsus; distal fourth of anterior face of the hind surfaces of the foreleg are dark. midfemur, and anterior face of midtibia. In the Spanish females red is limited to the Tergum I is red but there is a large, cir- apex of the fore- and midfemora anteri- cular black spot on the anterior face. Ter- orly, and to the anterior surfaces of the gum II is entirely red, and III is red lat- fore- and midtibiae. The legs are all black erally. Sterna I-III are red (exmcempt petiole in the French and Greek males. is black). Th—e specimen is 21 long. Femamlems are 18-27 mm, and males are Variation. Petiole length and color of 17-22 long—. the gaster and legs vary in atropilosus. Fe- Distribution. Northern Mediterranean male petiole length varies from 0.9X to region (except Italy) eastward to Kazakhs- Volume9, Number 2, 2000 331 tan. The species is uncommonly collected, worn away. In such cases association with although locally abundant at times. males may offer the only reliable means of Specimens mentioned above labeled identification (note however, that if long, Oran, Algeria, may have been mislabeled erect setae are present but appressed setae since the species has not been collected in are absent, it is likely that a specimen is that country by modern workers (e.g., de not flavipennis). Females of flavipennis tend Beaumont, Guichard, Roth); nor did col- to be larger than those oifunerarius (24—32 mm lectors of the 1890's find it (Saunders 1910, long versus 16-26 mm). Some females Morice 1911). The only other record from of Sphex leuconotus have appressed white Algeria is by Roth (1925) who saw a fe- setae on the thoracic dorsum but the pet- male from Orleansville (now El Asnama) iole is shorter than wide or at most as long dated 1867 in the Sichel Collection (Paris), as wide. Females of flavipennis have a pet- iole that is longer than wide. Sphexflavipennis Fabricius The appressed pale setae are less devel_ (rigs. 6-/) oped in males, but placoids are found on V-VI on Sphex flavipennis Fabricius 1793:201. Lectotype: only flagellomeres (rarely only female, "Italia" (Copenhagen), designatedby VI), and they are narrow (Figs. 6-7). Infu- van der Vecht 1961:31, not examined. nerarius, placoids are broad (Figs. 1-2) and Sphex rufocinctus Brulle 1833:367. Holotype (or usually present on flagellomeres III-VIII syntype): male, "Petalidi, Moree" [= Korone (but see that species for placoid variation). or Koroni, Peloponnesus, Greece] (Paris), ex- Males of leuconotus have placoids on fla- amined. New synonym. gellomeres IV-VI (Figs. 4-5). Sphex bicolor Dahlbom 1845:437. Holotype: Females are 24-32 mm, and males are male, "Dalmatia" [= coastal Croatia and 17_26 mm lone Moaomninvntmeedno.,ef,ecS~Srvpohnl,Jeox(nBvb.eirm.clovil,no?.br)v,F'iKa(vxbo,jrhuuinli.ciio.-1ulr8oso8-Kp1.1,r:7„i3-7„>m9r5>r)a.,w,rhy-in.oohtosreanxw-- actPre>rresvit•ooui,sdew.not<rikfiverfnslauhviapveenniuss,edijbuottah.weer cihhuaavre- Dahlbom's material (with maxillosus), and found them unrel,iab,l,e: yellow-tinted Kohl 1890:236 (with flavipennis). wings and golden erect setae on the face. Sphex cinereorufocinctus Dahlbom 1845:437. Svn- The erect facial setae are sometimes silver types: male, "Rhodus" [= Rhodes, Greece] inflavipennis, and nearly always this color (Lund), not examined. Synonymy by de in funerarius. The yellow tinted wings, Beaumont 1949:127 who saw Dahlbom's ma- from which the species derives it name, is terial. not a reliable recognition character for fla- Sphex sellae Gribodo 1873:86. Holotype: female, vipennis because some funerarius also have "Sicilia" [= Sicily, Italy] (Genova?), not ex- yellowish wings, although typically they amined. Synonymy by Kohl 1890:236. are hghtlv brown stained. Several authors Sphex flavipennis var. rufodorsatus De-Stefani have usecj comparative lengths of the pet- 1887:88, pi. 2, fig. 8. Holotype: female, "Sici- iole and hindtarsomere I or III to distin- ls1it8ar9"o0y-[e7=d1?6)Si,cinloyt, Ietxaalym]in(ePda.leSrmvon?o,nGvemnvevbay?Kodhel- l•usj'sTh. f1•Semuanlcesi^eaorf ihfl°avwi petm.i•soliefrlioemng'f.tiihnwwraars. — measured by these workers, but we have Recognition. The presence in most fe- been unable to find any useful differences, males of appressed white setae on the Comparisons of the length and width of pronotal collar and scutum identifies fla- the female petiole itself show nearlv the vipennis and separates the species from the same parameters in both species (15 spec- similarfunerarius which lacks such pubes- ime—ns of each species measured): flavipen- cence. Unfortunately the appressed setae nis pet—iole length is 1.1 to 1.4X width; fu- are poorly developed in some popula- nerarius petiole length is 1.1 to 1.6X tions, and in older material they are often length. 332 Journal of Hymenoptera Research Hamon, Fonfria, and Tussac (1991) il- colored gaster indicates that rufocinctus is lustrated two male characters that earlier not conspecific with leuconotus. authors had used to separate flavipennis We have been unsuccessful in locating andfunerarius: the form of the clypeal free the type material of bicolor Dahlbom, sellae margin and the length of the lateral setal Gribodo, and rufodorsatus De-Stefani, and brushes of sternum VII. These characters have relied on Kohl (1890) for their syn- are useful, but they are not always reli- onymy. — able. The clypeal free margin in flavipennis Variation. Occasionally the thoracic is usually a simple arc, but sometimes dorsum of female flavipennis has reddish there is a shallow emargination that may areas, a trait that immediately identifies be broad or narrow. Infunerarius the clyp- Mediterranean specimens as this species eal free margin usually has a pronounced (similar reddish areas are found on some emargination (see Fig. 10 in Hamon et al. central Asian specimens offunerarius). De 1991). The lateral setal brushes of male Beaumont and Bytinski-Salz (1955) noted sternum VII are shorter in flavipennis in that occasional Israeli females have an en- comparison tofunerarius (see figs. 11-12 in tirely red thorax, but they occur with nor- Hamon et al. 1991), but the reliability of mally colored specimens. The thorax of this character rem—ains to be proven. some females in Iran is also extensively Type material. Brulle's holotype (or red (de Beaumont 1957). De Beaumont sole surviving syntype) of rufocinctus, a (1960) noted a male from Cyprus with a male, has been studied by each of us on placoid only on flagellomere VI. two occasions. The specimen is poorly In a male offlavipennis from the Mashad preserved, very dirty, and badly worn. area, Iran (CAS), the lateral setal brushes The mandibles are truncated from consid- of SVII are longer than a midocellus di- ameter. Four other males from Mashad erable use, and the setation of the clypeal disk is worn away. The type has lost most have typically—short brushes. of its antennae; the scapes and pedicelsre- Distribution. Mediterranean region in- mgealilno,mearneds tI-hIeI.rAilgththoaungthentnhae pstrilolnhoatsumflai-s ccilluy,diCnrgeties,laRnhdosdeofsMaanldloCrycap,ruSsa;rdeiansita,waSrid- dtihretyc,hasraocmteerissitlivcesr oafpfplraevsipseendnisse)taaree(foanientolyf ATtosuirakHmue(nnKgiaaszrtayak,hns)tB;uaAlnrg,aabrUiizaab,:ekUainnsidttaensd,oAuTtrahaj-ibckeiEnsmttiraran-,l visible. Traces of appressed silver setae ates; Iran, Afghanistan. are also visible in the scutal furrows and on the hindmargin of the scutellum. The Sphexfunerarius Gussakovskij clypeal margin is not emarginate although (= Sphex maxillosus of authors before it is straight at the middle. The lateral setal 1976, or rufocinctus of authors after 1975) brushes on sternum VII are but the dirty, (Figs. 1-2) setae are as short as inflavipennis (shorter Sphex maxillosus Fabricius 1793:208. Lectotype: mthman infunerarius). The body length of 25 female, "Barbaria" [= northwestAfrica] (Co- is also typical of maleflavipennis. The penhagen), designated by van der Vecht gaster is mostly black, but tergum II is red 1961:30, (junior primary homonym of Sphex except for a narrow, transverse dark band maxillosus Poiret 1787). along the distal margin, and tergum III is Sphex obscurus Fischer de Waldheim 1843:122. red laterally. This color pattern is typical Syntypes: male, "in Rossia australi" (Mos- offlavipennis. These characters convinceus mcoawr,ySht.omPeotnerysmburogf,SDprheesxdeonb?s)c,uru(sjunSicohrrparnik- that the type of rufocinctus is not conspe- 1802, and Sphex obscurus Fabricius 1804). Syn- cific withfunerarius (maxillosus ofauthors), onymy with maxillosus by Kohl 1895:69. New but instead isflavipennis Fabricius. The bi- synonym. Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 333 Sphex maxillosus var. pedibus nigris Zanon 1925: noptera Lists);Dollfuss 1991:27(inrevisionof 90. Holotype: female, Fueihat, Libya (Geno- Austrian Sphecidae); Gayubo, Borsato, and va?) . Polynomial, not available, see Art. 11.4 Osella 1991:392 (Italy); Gayubo and Torres of the Code. 1991:Table I and p. 81 (Spain: effectsofurban SphexfunerariusGussakovskij 1934:3.Lectotype: pressure); Hamon, Fonfria, and Tussac 1991: male, [Bei-lung-shui,] S. Kansu [= Gansu], 128, 131 (in key to French Sphecini), 132 China (Stockholm), here designated in order (France); Jozan 1991:602 (Hungary); Kazenas to ensure the name's proper and consistent and Nasyrova 1991:38 (Kazakhstan); Negri- application, examined. New synonym. solo 1991:316 (Italy); Schembri 1991:177 (pre- Sphex maxillosus ssp. mavromoustakisi de Beau- vious records from Malta); Gayubo, Borsato, mont 1947:383. Holotype: female, Polemidia and Osella 1992:275 (Greece, Turkey); Jozan Hills, Cyprus (Lausanne), examined. New 1992:171 (Hungary); Kazenas and Tobias synonym. 1992:29 (sleeping aggregations); Gayubo, Sphex rufocinctus (misinterpretations since Tormos, and Asis 1993:308 (teratological 1975): Lomholdt 1975:68 (Gotland I., Swe- specimen); Torregrosa, Gayubo, Tormos, and den); Bohart and Menke 1976:116 (listed, no- Asis 1993:11 (Spain); Luchetti 1993:10 (Italy: menclature problems); Guichard 1978:270 Sardegna); Dollfuss 1994:98 (endangered in (Greece); Richards 1979:400 (British Channel Austria); Gayubo and Borsato 1994:199 (Ita- Is.); Pagliano 1980:110 (Italy); Dollfuss 1983:2 ly); Tormos, Asis, and Gayubo 1994:187 (Austria); Mingo and Gayubo 1984:146 (Spain); Jozan 1995:104 (Hungary); Krasno- (Spain); Schmidt and Westrich 1983:120 bayev et al. 1995:139 (Russia: Samara Ob- (Greece); Gayubo 1984:356 (Portugal); Gayu- last'); Negrisolo 1995:18, 22 (floral records); bo and Tormos 1984:8 (Spain); Pagliano 1984: Pagliano and Pesarini 1995:83 (Italy); Pagli- 367 (Italy); Chevin and Chevin 1985:38 ano and Scaramozzino 1995:731 (Italy); (France); Eiroa and Novoa 1985:23 (Spain); Schmid-Egger, Risch and Niehuis 1995:208 Jozan 1985:55 (Hungary), 76 (floral records), (Germany); Vernier 1995:176 (in key); Gus- 83 (ecological and zoogeographic character- enleitner 1996a:809 (Austria), 1996b:818 (Cro- istics); Pagliano 1985:12 (Italy); Tormos and atia); Minoranskiy and Shkuratov 1996:81 Jimenez 1985:32 (Spain); Westrich and (Russia: Rostov Oblast'); Schmid-Egger 1996: Schmidt 1985b:112 (Germany: endangered in 19 (Germany); Schmid-Egger, Schmidt, and Baden-Wurttemberg); Gayubo 1986a:35 Doczkal 1996:374, 378 (Germany: endan- (Spain), 1986b:30 (Spain); Gayubo and Heras gered); Voblenko, Gorobchishin and Nester- 1986:26 (Spain); Gayubo and Sanza 1986:27 ov 1996:14 (Ukraine); Bitsch et al. 1997:71 (in (Spain); Gayubo and Tormos 1986a:8 (Spain), sphecid fauna of western Europe); Schmidt 1986b:4 (Spain); Islamov 1986:515 (Uzbeki- and Schmid-Egger 1997:27 (in checklist of stan); Asis and Jimenez 1987:23 (Spain); Ga- German Sphecidae); Dollfuss, Gusenleitner, yubo 1987:106 (Spain); Tormos and Jimenez and Bregant 1998:509 (Austria); Gonzalez, 1987a:122 (Spain), 1987b:316 (Spain); Anders- Gayubo, and Torres 1998:72, 73 (Spain); son et al. 1987:72 (endangered in Sweden); Zehnder and Zettel 1999:13 (Switzerland); Dollfuss 1987:18 (latest Austrian specimens Gonzalez, Gayubo, and Torres 1999:334. collected in 1952 and 1953); Schmidt and — Westrich 1987:358 (Germany); Chevin 1988: Recognition. Sphex funerarius varies 14 (France); Dollfuss 1988:20 (Austria); Jan- over its extensive range, both in female zon 1988:1 (Sweden); Karsai 1988:99 (Hun- and male color and number of male an- gary); Islamov 1989:49 (Uzbekistan: nest and tennal placoids. Some females especiallv prey); Jacobs 1989:3 (Germany); Jozan 1989: can be difficult to separate from oxianus T1190o90r0m:(o2H4su0ng1(a9m9ra0yt:)u9;re(ASspliaasir,nv)aG);;ayJGauacbyoobu,sboaa,nnddAsiTOso,erhmalonkdse tainfdy bfelacvaiupesnenism.osMtalsepsecairemeenassiehsatvetobirdoeand- 1990:122, 132 (German Democratic Republic: placoids on flagellomeres III-VIII (Fig. 2) not collected after 1960); Pagliano 1990:60 (in (males from Corsic—a are among the more catalogue of Italian Sphecidae); Day 1991:xix notable exceptions see Variation below). (summary of European Endangered Hyme- Only two other species have a placoid on