Zootaxa 3105: 1–46 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN1175-5334(online edition) A review of the species of Lithostege Hübner, [1825] 1816 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae), occurring in Iran and adjacent countries, with description of two new species from Iran and Pakistan HOSSEIN RAJAEI SH.*, DIETER STÜNING* & JAAN VIIDALEPP** * Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] ** Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Riia St 181, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] Abstract The Iranian species of Lithostege are reviewed and additional species from neighbouring countries (which are also likely to occur in Iran), as a whole twenty-eight taxa, are studied. Adults of all species and male and/or female genitalia for most species are figured. Two new species are described: L. samandooki Rajaei sp. nov. from Iran and L. hreblayi Rajaei & Viidaleppsp. nov. from Pakistan. L. repeteki Tsvetajev and L. griseata gigantea Bytinski-Salz & Brandt are synonymized with L. obliquata Urbahn and L. griseata griseata (Denis & Schiffermüller), respectively. L. amseli Wiltshire is discussed as a possible synonym of L. amoenata Christoph. L. flavicornata (Zeller) is upgraded to species-rank again. Distribution areas of all species discussed are shown by maps. Literature data concerning faunistics, ecology, and biological data are reviewed. Female genitalia of L. obliquata Urbahn, L. turkmenica Tsvetajev, and L. luminosata Christoph, are figured and their morphological characters compared with other taxa for the first time. A check list is presented and a preliminary grouping of species treated is proposed, based largely on morphological characters of the genitalia. It does not necessarily reflect a natural relationship of the species included, but may provide a first structure to the genus, as a basis for future studies. Key words:Iran, Larentiinae, Lithostege, new species, L. hreblayi,L.samandooki, taxonomy, morphology, new synonyms, check list, preliminary species groups. Introduction As generally accepted, Lithostege Hübner [1825] 1816 is a genus well defined by morphological characters of legs, wing venation, build of head, abdomen and genitalia structures. However, distinguishing its various species based on wing shape and pattern only appeared to be difficult for early taxonomists. For example, Staudinger recognized only six species for Europe, with many putative synonyms in his first catalogue, a result of many confusing descriptions of the species known that time (Staudinger & Wocke, 1871). Thirty years later, he enumerated eigh- teen Palaearctic species and varieties in Lithostege (Staudinger & Rebel, 1901). Prout (1914:171) reported on 22 species (one placed here erroneously, according to Prout,1915: 397) and in the years 1937/38, 27 Palaearctic spe- cies were known, but one of them (L. flavicornata Z.) still not recognized as a distinct species (Prout, 1937: 83; 1938: 237). Parsons et al., 1999 included 37 Palaearctic species of Lithostege (49 species and 8 subspecies world- wide). The most recent list (Scoble & Hausmann (2007)) recorded 50 species worldwide for this genus. Lithostege Hübner [1825] 1816 belongs to the tribe Chesiadini Stephens, 1850 (subfamily Larentiinae). Other genera belonging to this tribe are Chesias Treitschke, 1825, Chesistege Viidalepp, 1990, Carsia Hübner [1825] 1816, Aplocera Stephens, 1827. All of them are also represented in the Iranian fauna by a number of species. They share some distinctive morphological characters, e.g. the fore-tibia with distal, tooth-like projections, male genita- lia with a rib-like sclerite, from below the uncus to the hemitranstilla (Viidalepp, 1990b). Chesias and even more Chesistege are close to Lithostege sharing strongly bulbed femora of forelegs, short fore-tibiae ending in two distal teeth, large and strongly sclerotized 8th abdominal tergite, forewing with two areoles, anal vein of hindwings in male short and hidden in a longitudinal pocket. Accepted by L. Gall: 03 Oct. 2011; published: 22 Nov. 2011 1 Lithostege seems to be the most derived genus, as shown by more strongly modified wing shape (forewings narrower, hindwings more strongly reduced), the more enlarged femora and the extremely short tibiae of fore legs, with tooth-like projections of the same length. This highly developed digging-apparatus is distinctly less developed in Chesistege,Chesias and the other included genera. The main aim of this paper is to review the species of the genus Lithostege occurring in Iran. Some related spe- cies of adjacent countries are also discussed, as they may occur and may be found in Iran in future. Twenty-eight species belonging to the genus Lithostege (i.e. more than half of the total species-number) are studied and reviewed. Material and Methods Specimens studied came from the following collections (as far as included, acronyms after Evenhuis & Samuelson, 2007): HMIM-Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum at the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (former Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, PPDRI), Tehran, Iran; IZBE-Institute of Agronomy and Environmental Studies, Estonian University of Life Sciences (Institute of Zoology and Botany) Tartu, Estonia; NHMW-Naturhis- torisches Museum Wien, Austria; NHRS-Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; PCJM-private collec- tion of Dr. Jörg-Uwe Meineke, Kippenheim, Germany; SMNK-Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany; TUZ-Zoological Museum of Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; ZFMK-Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig,Bonn, Germany; ZIAT-Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan, Ashkhabat; ZISP-Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; ZMHB-Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany; ZSM-Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Munich), Germany. Other abbreviations: H. R.-Hossein Rajaei; J. V.-Jaan Viidalepp; prov.-Province; alt.-Altitude. Species were identified by original descriptions and by type material, wherever possible and available, and also by comparison of identified specimens in different collections. Prior to dissection the specimens were photo- graphed using an Olympus E3 digital camera. Genitalia were mounted in Euparal and photographed by a digital stereo-microscope (ZEISS-SteREO: Discovery.V20). Images were edited using Adobe Photoshop CS2. Geograph- ical coordinates of old records were investigated using ‘Google Earth’ and the ‘Road Map of Iran’ (2005) (www.gitashenasi.com). Maps were prepared manually using Adobe Photoshop CS2. Collecting data are given as written on the labels, Russian words were translated, with optional additions in squared brackets (“[..]”). Uncertain reports or label data (especially in the additional distributional data from literature) are denoted with “[?]”. In the “Species account” the taxa with an asterisk (*) occur in Iran. History of faunistical studies of the genus Lithostege in Iran Édouard Ménétries (a student of Georges Cuvier and a leading scientist in Russia at that time) authored the first paper on Iranian Lepidoptera, in which he described just one geometrid moth: Ourapteryx persica Ménétries, 1832. Soon after this work, other entomologists of the nineteenth century published many geometrid species new for Iran in other papers (Kollar & Redtenbacher, 1849; Lederer, 1869, 1871; Christoph, 1873, 1876–1877, 1885, 1887a, b; Butler & Hampson, 1899). Just two of these studies reported Lithostege species from Iran: L. usgentaria Christoph, 1885 by Butler and Hampson (1899) and L. coassata (Hübner, [1825]) by Lederer (1871). Since 1900 at least ten other papers with one or more reports on Lithostege species of Iran were published (Prout, 1912–1916, 1937–1939; Wiltshire, 1944, 1945; Barou, 1967; Mirzayans & Kalali, 1970; Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937; Brandt, 1939, 1941; Viidalepp, 1988). In 2009 Lehmann et al. reported two Lithostege species from Iran, of which L. dissocyma Prout, 1938 was new for Iran. Very recently, the new species L. stadiei Lehmann, 2011 was described from Iran. 2 · Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press HOSSEIN RAJAEI ET AL. Taxonomic account Lithostege Hübner [1825] 1816 Type species: Geometra griseata Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775. Type locality: Austria, Vienna district. Generic description. Small to medium-sized moths, wingspan ranging from 16 to 35 mm. Forewings elongate, apex acutely angled or slightly falcate, termen oblique, tornus shallowly and evenly rounded. Hindwings oval, short and narrow, moderately or strongly reduced in size. Venation: Forewing with two areoles. The anal vein of hindwings in male short and hidden in an elongate, basal pocket in males, pocket absent and vein longer in females. Frons moderately protruding, surrounded by a sharp ridge; vertex with distinct lateral chaetosemata, both con- nected by a transverse band of setae; palps slightly or moderately exceeding frons, covered with enlarged, some- times elongated, lamellate scales. Antennae: very shortly and homogenously ciliated in males, filiform in females. Haustellum well developed. Femora of forelegs in both sexes strongly thickened, fore-tibia extremely short, with a massive distal, forked projection, consisting of a long internal and a much shorter external tooth. The longer tooth is often as long or longer as the tibia. Epiphysis present, but very small. Middle tibia with one, hind tibia with two pairs of rather delicate spurs. Last abdominal tergite very large and strongly sclerotized, its posterior margin evenly rounded, with a small central incision or shaped like a buckle or snout in some species. In the male genitalia, a pro- cess arising from the basal centre of valva (termed “harpe” in the following species account) is distinctive, in most species basally extended into an arched or curved, distally spined dorsal arm, running along the valve costa towards the apex (absent in L. amoenata group, see species account). In some species, additional ornamentation like costal or saccular processes is present. In most species the bursa copulatrix is internally spined and extended anteriorly to a small, membranous diverticulum (not present in L. excelsata and L. distinctata). Species Accounts Preliminary grouping of species and checklist: We recognized four species-groups in the genus Lithostege, as far as treated in the present paper, based on wing pattern and genitalia characters. This grouping is still preliminary and does not necessarily represent a phylogenetic relationship of all included species. We offer this grouping as a tool for an easier handling of the rather large num- ber of species included here. Further studies certainly will define these groups more exactly or show the necessity to separate some or create new groups. Species marked by an asterisk (*) are recorded for the Iranian fauna. I. The amoenata group Characterized by plain, sclerotised valves without any basal ornamentation (Viidalepp, 1990a). Valves tapering in width towards apex, with acute, curved distal processes (amoenata) or not tapering and broadly rounded (excel- sata) or with a short, rounded process dorsally at apex (distinctata). Saccus rounded or extended triangularly. Females with or without a diverticulum. A rather heterogeneous group: L. amoenata Christoph, 1885 * (= L. amseli Wiltshire, 1967, syn. nov. ?) L.excelsata (Erschov, 1874) L.distinctata Christoph, 1887 II. The buxtoni group Valves with a simple harpe and a sclerotized central area, connected by a ridge to the base of the costa; saccus elon- gated triangularly: L.buxtoni Prout, 1920 * L. stadiei Lehmann, 2011 * L.obliquata Urbahn, 1971 (= L. repeteki Tsvetajev. 1971 syn. nov.) REVIEW OF LITHOSTEGE Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 3 III. The bosporaria group Valves sclerotised, plate-like, harpe present, at base extended into a simple, free, slender, smooth dorsal projection. Saccus triangular; aedeagus short, straight, with scobinate or shortly dentate vesica. Female genitalia with a deep incision of the posterior margin of antrum: L.bosporaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848) L.usgentaria Christoph, 1885 L.witzenmanni Standfuss, 1892 * L. dissocyma Prout, 1938 * L. hreblayi Rajaei & Viidalepp, sp. nov. L. samandookiRajaei sp. nov. * L. senata Christoph, 1887 IV. The farinata group Valves with a harpe of variable shape, extended into a basally curved or arched, apically spined dorsal arm, often directed towards valve apex; saccus short and broad. Most species of this group have white or off-white wings without or with only faint pattern. L.notata Bang-Haas, 1906 * L. fissurata fissurata Mabille, 1888 - L. fissurata inanis Prout, 1941 * L.parva Shchetkin, 1965 L. turkmenica Tsvetajev, 1971 L. farinata (Hufnagel, 1767) L. coassata (Hübner, [1825]) * L.ancyrana Prout, 1938 L. narynensis Prout, 1938 L. griseatagriseata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) * (=L. griseata gigantea Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937 syn. nov.) L. palaestinensis Amsel, 1935 * L.luminosata Christoph, 1885 L. luigi Viidalepp, 1992 L. infuscata (Eversmann, 1837) * L.flavicornata (Zeller, 1847) stat. rev. I. The amoenata group L. amoenata Christoph (Figs 1, 2, 32, 33, 58; Map 1) ♂ ♀ Lithostege amoenata Christoph, 1885: 128. Syntypes 1 , 2 , ZISP (examined). Type locality: Turkmenistan, Ashkhabad (Kopet-Dagh Mts., near Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan, sq. Parsons et al., 1999). Lithostege amoenata: Prout, 1914: 173, pl. 12b; Viidalepp, 1996: 46; Parsons et a♂l., 1999: 545. Lithostege amseli Wiltshire, 1967: 150, pl. 1, fig. 3. syn. nov. (?). Holotype in ZSM (not traced). Type locality: Herat (Afghanistan), 970 m. Lithostege amseli: Parsons et al., 1999: 545. ♀ ♂ Material examined. Type material: Syntypes 2 , 1 : ‘[Turkmenistan] Ashkhabat’, ‘Coll. Great Knjaz Nikolaj ♂ ♀ ♂ Mikhajlovich’, ‘5.6.82, 244 amoena[ta?] Chr.’, ZISP. Additional material:9 , 5 : 1 : [Iran] Khorasan, Kopet- ♀ dagh-Allahakbar, 1950 m, 16.6.1974, leg. Radj [abi], Paz [ouki], prep. 1065/2010 H. R.; 1 : [Iran, Khorasan e ♀ Shomali] Sarekhs [Sarakhs], 21.5.[19]73, [leg.] Abai; both in HMIM. 1 : Nord Iran, Elbursgebirge östl. S♂hem- shak, 50 km nördl. Tehran, 2100–2500 m, 8.-24.6.1973, leg. G. Junge, prep. 1024/2010 H. R.; in SMNK. 2 ; N- Iran, 240♂0 m, Demavend, 25.-26.IX.1965, [leg.] E. & A. Vartian, ZSM Genital prep. No. 4530♂ and 4531; both in ZSM. 1 , [Turkmenistan], Kopet-Dagh, Suljukli, 25.05.1923, Shestoperov leg; in ZIAT. 1 : Tadzh [ikistan], ♀ 04.07.1989, Peter I Mts., K [ishlak] Odilovot, 2000 m, U. Jürivete leg.; 1 : [Tajikistan], Peter I [Mts.], Surhob ♂ ♀ [river], Odilovot, 2500 m, 04-07.07.1989, U. Jürivete leg.; in IZBE. 3 , 2 : 31.V. [19]58. Tajikistan, 6 km from 4 · Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press HOSSEIN RAJAEI ET AL. Nikolajevsky pass, eastern slopes of Khozratisho Range, above Chertovyj bridge, h = 2200 [m], meadows slope, ♂ ♀ Yu. Stshet♂kin [Shchetkin], preps 1022/2010, 1611/2011, 1612/2011 and 1023/2010, 1613/2011 H. R.; all in ZFMK.1 : Dasht-i-Nawar, NW v Ghazni, 3000 m, Afghan [istan], [leg.] Kasy & Vartian, prep. 1025/2010 H. R.; ♂ ♀ in SMNK; Preparations of genitalia: 7 , 3 . Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 29–30 mm. Wings dark grey or brownish grey, forewings with light grey or white transverse lines; postmedial line strongly curved anterior to M1 and posterior to M3, antemedial line straight, but acutely angled near discal dot. There are several additional transverse lines, including a weaker basal line, a broad grey and a narrow, double, waved line at median area and a white submarginal line. Fringes are che- quered white and dark grey. Hindwings elongate-oval, grey, with one or a few indistinct, curved whitish lines, with- out discal dot. Underside of forewings with less distinct pattern, dark lines absent, but white postmedial and submarginal lines present, the latter anteriorly dentate (smooth on upperside). Hindwings similar to upperside, but a discal dot present (Figs. 1, 2). Male genitalia (Figs 32, 33): valve broad at base, width tapering towards apex, the latter acutely pointed and curved dorsad; costa slightly curved, terminating with a tooth-like process, both pro- cesses variable in size and shape at different localities; juxta elongate, tube-like; uncus broad, triangular at base, narrow distally; lateral arms of gnathus present; aedeagus arched subapically; vesica covered with very short, round teeth. Female genitalia (Fig. 58): corpus bursae simple, pyriform, distal half spiculose, with broad, strongly sclerotised ductus bursae; diverticulum present. Externally, L. amoenata is similar to L. dissocyma Prout and the two subsequent species, hreblayi sp. n. and samandooki sp. n., described herein (Figs 11–14). However, there are clear differences in coloration and pattern. Even more distinct differences are present in the male and female genitalia. Bionomics. Specimens collected in May, June, July and August, at an altitude of 1700–3400 m, from lower forest zone (Kuznetzov 1960) to montane areas (Brandt 1941). Additional data on distribution based on literature sources. Kuznetzov (1960): Kopet-Dagh; Shchetkin (1965a): Khozratisho Mts., SW Tajikistan; Brandt (1941): Binaloud Mt. (Khorasan-e Razavi prov.); Wiltshire (1945): Alvand Mt. (Hamadan prov.); Prout (1912–1916); Viidalepp (1988): Kopet-Dagh (Khorasan-e Shomali) and Viidalepp (1996): N Pakistan. Distribution. SW and E Tajikistan, SE and S Turkmenistan, N and W Iran (western part of Elburz); East Afghanistan; N Pakistan (Map 1). Taxonomic note. Wiltshire described amseli based on a single ‘male’ (his fig. 3 rather shows a female, regard- ing proportions and length of the abdomen) and without dissection of genitalia. He described rather slight differ- ences in wing pattern and shape between the holotype of the new species and L. amoenata which to our experience (material from Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan compared) fall within the range of variation of amoenata. A male from Afghanistan also rather belongs to amoenata than fitting with amseli. The low wingspan of the holotype of amseli (23 mm, amoenata 29–30 mm), however, is exceptional. We believe that there is a high probability that amseli is just a junior synonym of amoenata, but we were unable to prove this in the absence of the type specimen. Besides the latter, fresh material from the type locality of amseli and subsequent molecular studies would help to solve this open question. L. excelsata (Erschov) (Figs. 3, 34, 60; Map 1) ♀ Anaitis excelsata Erschov, 1874: 70, pl. 4, fig. 71. Holotype not traced. Type locality: Turkestan: Kisil-Kum desert near ї Babek, 30 April. Lithostege excelsata: Prout, 1914: 174, pl. 8a; Viidalepp, 1996: 46; Parsons et al., 1999: 546. ♂ ♀ ♀ ♂ Material examined. 37 , 29 : 1 , 1 , [Turkmenistan] Askh♂abat, ♀coll. Great Knjaz Nikolaj Mikhajlovich, 25.4.[?] excelsata Chr. [a piece of green paper]; coll. ZISP. 4 , 1 : USSR, Turkmenia, Dzahar, Kurgan, ♂ ♀ ♂♀ 15.4.1966, leg. Gans♂on V.A., Coll. K.Krušek; 1 , 1 : Tekke [Akhal-Tekke, Turkmenistan]; 7 : Merw [Merv, E Turkmenistan]; 1 : Turkmenistan, Karakum des. SW, 40 km NE Gizilarbat, 1996.05.03.-06, leg. Miatleuski J., ♀ leg. Povilaitis A.; 1 : Kasachstan, Balc♂hasch-See, Ümgeb. Wüste Sary-Tankum, bei Fl. Jli, 1.-2.V. [19]67, gen. prep. 1617/2011 H. R.; all in ZFMK. 2 : USSR, Turkmenia, Kara-Kum desert, 100 m, 50 km N of Ashkhabad, 58°33'E, 38°21'N, 29.IV.1991, No. L12, leg. G. C♂sorba, Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, M. Hreblay & G. Ronkay, preps 1018/2010 and 1019/2010 H. R.; both in ZSM. 1 : Central Kara-Kum desert, water-bed Kirpili [100 km] north- REVIEW OF LITHOSTEGE Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 5 ♂♀ ♂♀ west to Kyzyl-Arvat; / : Kopet-Dagh Mts.: Kyzyl-Arvat, Geok-Tepe; in ZIAT. 8 : „Turkmeenia” [Turkmen- ♂ istan] 19♂77♀, Uzboi [river-bed], Yashan, 27.04–02.05, J.V. leg.; 2 , the same locality but 20.05. [19]92, T. Kes♂kü♀la leg.; 12 : „Turkmeenia” [Turkmenistan] 1977, Repetek, 16–17.04, leg. (gen. prep. 3417, 7646, J.V.); 20 : ♀ „Turkmeenia” [Turkmenistan] 1977, Lambe at Amu-Darja, 20.04, J.V. leg; 1♂ : Z♀hamansai, Kyzylkum, Uzbek [istan], 27.04. [19]72, Falkovitsh leg.; all in IZBE. Preparations of genitalia: 3 , 2 . Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 22–26 mm.Easily recognized by the light grey forewings with numerous transverse grey and black lines (Fig. 3), the postmedial and also the posterior two thirds of the antemedial lines being separated medially by a faint black line and slightly angled outwards at veins M-CuA by the small, 3 1, rounded, greyish-white hindwings, powdered with black scales, with a thin, black marginal line. Underside of fore- wings almost without any pattern elements, there is only a short, black line near costa at postmedial position. In the male genitalia (Fig. 34), the plain, apically rounded valve without a basal process, the long and narrow uncus and the triangularly elongated saccus are distinctive. Similar male genitalia are only present in L. distinctata, but in the latter species, the valves are shorter, their costa terminating in a rounded, lobe-like process; the uncus is broad at base and rather short and stout; the female genitalia (Fig. 60) are also distinctive by a triangular antrum and a weakly developed colliculum, the ductus bursae being narrow, elongated, membranous like the globular corpus bursae, the latter with very tiny spines internally and without a diverticulum. Antevaginal sclerotization narrow, strap-like. Female genitalia in L. distinctata are also membranous, corpus bursae without internal spines, but the latter is elongate-oval in shape and a colliculum is absent. Bionomics. Larvae feed on Astragalus (sect. Ammodendron) (Falkovitsh, 1986). Specimens studied are col- lected in April and May only. Additional data on distribution based on literature sources. Shchetkin (1965a): South Tajikistan; Falko- vitsh (1986): Uzbekistan. Distribution. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, S Tajikistan and Kasachstan (Map 1). The species is not yet reported from Iran, but it is likely to occur in the Iranian parts of the Kopet-Dagh area. L. distinctata Christoph (Figs. 4, 35, 59; Map 1) ♀ Lithostege distinctata Christoph, 1887 (a): 104. Syntypes 2 , ZISP (examined).Type locality: Turkmenistan: Ashkhabad. Lithostege distinctata: Prout, 1914: 174, pl. 13c; Viidalepp, 1996: 46; Parsons et al., 1999: 546. ♀ Material examined. Type material:Syntypes 2 : ‘[Turkmenistan] Askhabat’, ‘101.’, ‘Coll. Great K♂njaz ♀Niko♀laj Mikhajlovich’, [a piece of green paper] ‘5.6.82’, ‘distinctata Chr.’; coll. ZISP. Additional material: 3 , 6 : 3 : USSR, Tu♀rkmenia, Dzahar, Kurgan, ♂15.4.1966, leg. G♀anson V.A., Coll. K.Krušek, gen. prep. 1618/2011 H. R.; in ZFMK. 2 : Transcaspia, Repetek, [ ] 14.IV.1966, [ ] 13.V.1966, A. Tsvetajev leg., gen. prep. 1086/2010 H. R.; ♂ 1 : Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts. Dushak Mt., 57°56'E, 37°54'N, ♂150♀0 m, 7.-8.VII.1992, No. L69, leg. M. Hre- blay, Gy. Laszlo, G. Ronkay, gen. prep. 1089/2010 H. R.; all in ZSM. , : Central Karakum desert, 27.09.1967, F. ♂ Luppov [leg.]; 1 , Turkmeenia ♂1977♀, Uzboi [river-bed], Yashan, 27.04–02.05, leg. (gen. prep. 3429, J.V.); in ZIAT. Preparations of genitalia: 2 , 2 . Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 16–20 mm. Easily recognized by the small size and the conspicuous pat- tern elements (Fig. 4): the blackish antemedial line nearly straight in forewing, the postmedial line with three pro- jections outwards at veins M, M-CuA and near hind margin of wing. Both lines highlighted distally by broad, 1 3 1 whitish bands, the postmedial proximally by a brown band. Apex of forewings with a triangular whitish patch, giv- ing rise to a faint, white submarginal line. Fringes chequered black and white. Hingwings small, longitudinally oval in shape, greyish-brown, with a medial, slightly curved line, the latter accompanied distally by a broad, whitish band. Underside of both wings lighter than above, with distinct postmedial of forewing and medial line of hind- wing. Male genitalia: valve plain, short, sclerotized costa with a rounded lobe apically; juxta trapezoid, triangularly furrowed dorsally (Fig. 35). Uncus rather stout and broad at base. Saccus not elongated. Aedeagus straight, with a curved line of cornuti. Female genitalia with a short, membranous ductus bursae; corpus bursae elongate-oval, sim- ilarly membranous, without internal spines; anterior diverticulum absent. Antevaginal sclerotization broad, band- like (Fig. 59). Similar genitalia are found in L. excelsata (diagnosis see previous species). 6 · Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press HOSSEIN RAJAEI ET AL. Bionomics. Specimens studied are collected in April, May and July, September. Possibly bivoltine. Additional data on distribution based on literature sources. Shchetkin (1965a): South Tajikistan; Falko- vitsh (1986): Uzbekistan. Distribution. S Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and S and SE Turkmenistan. The species is not yet reported from Iran, but it may occur in the Iranian parts of the Kopet-Dagh area (Map 1). MAP 1. amoenata species group: L. amoenata;L. amseli (type locality);L.excelsata;L.distinctata. II. The buxtoni group L. buxtoni Prout (Figs. 5, 36; Map 2) ♂ Lithostege buxtoni Prout, 1920: 312. Holotype , BMNH (examined). Type locality: Kangavar (Hamadan prov., NW Iran). Lithostege buxtoni: Prout, 1937: 84, pl. 8g; Parsons et al., 1999: 545. ♂ Material examined. Type material: Holotype : ‘Kangavar, Hamadan N. W. Persia 5000 ft. 6.12.18 P. A. Buxton’, ‘Lithostege buxtoni ma♂le Pro♂ut type’, ‘L. B. Prout coll. 1939–643’; coll BMNH. Additional material: 5 : 1 : Iran, Fars, Bakhtegan-Tashk NP Geb. Dschokaran, 1400 m, 18.2.1997, 29°41' [N], ♂ 53°45' [E], leg. Dr. Wieser Ch., BC ZSM Lep 08632, gen. prep. 1015/2010 H. R.; in ZSM. 4 : Fars, Kazerun, Gavkoshak, 22.12.1975, L.T. (Abai), preps 1066/2010 and 1067/2010 H. R.; all in HMIM. Preparations of genita- ♂ lia: 3 . Description & Diagnosis. The largest Iranian Lithostege (wingspan: 33–35 mm). Forewing with a dark, deeply waved line from apex to the middle of hind margin, with the two strongest outward projections at veins CuA and CuA (Fig. 5); proximally, this line is highlighted by a broad white band; there are two indistinct, sub- 1 2 REVIEW OF LITHOSTEGE Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 7 marginal lines; hindwing without pattern elements. In the only other species similar in size and pattern, L. stadiei, the medial line is not waved and terminates at the base of the forewings. Male genitalia: saccus narrowly elongated; valve triangular; basal process (“harpe”) short, broad, with rounded apex; juxta with rounded base, converging lat- erally and notched apically; uncus broad at base, terminal half broad, apex truncate; aedeagus long, apically curved (Fig 36). Female unknown. Bionomics. Specimens studied are collected in December, January (Lehmann et al., 2009) and February, at altitudes from 680 m (Lehmannet al., 2009) to 1524 m (Prout, 1937: 84). Additional data on distribution based on literature sources. Barou (1967): Caspienne [Mazandaran]; Prout (1937–1939): Kangavar (Hamadan prov.); Wiltshire (1942): Arabs (Shergat), Iran (between Hamadan and Kerman- shah; Takht-i Suleiman in Kurdistan; Kermanshah; Shiraz); Wiltshire (1964): Turkey (Vilayet Elaziz), Iran, Iraq[without exact locality]; Lehmann et al. (2009): Tang-e-Faryab (Bushehr prov.). Remarks. Barou (1967) reported this species from Mazandaran, but it is very unlikely that an arid species like L. buxtoni occurs under the ecological conditions (Hyrcanian forest) of Mazandaran. Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Turkey and widely distributed in Iran (middle and western Zagros Mts.) (Map 2). L. stadiei Lehmann (Figs. 6, 37; Map 2) ♂ Lithostege stadiei Lehmann, 2011: 249–251. Holotype , coll. L. Lehmann, will later be deposited in coll. ZMHB (examined). Type locality:NE Zanjan (Iran). ♂ Material examined. Holotype : ‘Iran, Prov. Zanjan, 20 km NE of Zangan [Zanjan], 222♂0m, 36° 42' N; 48° 45' E, 25.X.2000, leg. B. Benedek & Gy. Fábián, col. György Fábián / Hungary’, ‘Holotype Lithostege stadiei Leh- mann, L. Lehmann’, ‘Gen. Prep. Nr. 10/2008’; in coll. L. Lehmann. Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 29 mm, a little smaller than L. buxtoni. Forewing palebrown, with a smooth, black line from apex to basal area of forewings, highlighted proximally by a broad white band (Fig. 6). In the somewhat similar L. buxtoni, this line is strongly waved distally and terminates at the middle of the hind mar- gin. Hindwings white, without any pattern. Male genitalia highly similar to those of L. buxtoni (Fig.37), but basal process of valve narrower, with almost pointed tip, terminal half of uncus gradually tapering towards apex, the lat- ter not truncate. Aedeagus shorter, almost straight. Female unknown. Distribution. Known only from type locality (NW Iran) (Map2). L. obliquata Urbahn (Figs. 7, 38, 61; Map 2) Lithostege obliquata Urbahn, 1971: 193. Syntypes (not traced). Type locality: Repetek. Lithostege obliquata: Viidalepp, 1996: 47; Parsons et al., 1999: 547. ♂ ♂ Lithostegerepeteki Tsvetajev, 1971: 663, text-fig. 4; pl. 1, fig. 2. (syn. nov.).Holotype , Paratype , ZISP (examined)Type locality: Repetek (Turkmenistan). Lithostege repeteki: Parsons et al., 1999: 547. ♂ Material examined. Type material: Holotype of L.repeteki: ‘Repetek, Turkmenia, A. Tsvetajev, 24.III.[1]965’, ♂ ‘Gen. Prep. No. 2♂625’,♀ ‘Hol♀otypus Lithostegerepeteki Tsvet.’; Paratype , same data, 2.IV.[1]965; in ZISP. Addi- tional material: 7 , 5 : 1 : Turkmenistan, Kerki, 37.50 N; 65.12 E, 10.-20.04.1993, ex. Coll. A. Schintlmeister; ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ 2 , 1 : Turkmeni [s♀tan], Karakumi, Repetek, 13.IV.[19]69,♂ leg. Stschetkin; 2 , 1 : Turkmenien Genalik, leg. Zwetaew, gen. prep. , 1616/2011 H. R.; all in ZFMK. 1 : Turkmenistan, 50 km N of Ashkhabad, 100 m, 17.IV.1993; Ashkhabad, 100 m, 27.III.1993, N♂o. L78♀, 58°33’E, 38°22’N, leg. M. Hreblay, Gy. Laszlo, A. Podius- sany, gen. prep. 1087/2010 H. R.; in ZSM. 2 , 2 : „Turkmeenia” [Turkmenistan], Repetek, 04.04.[19]80, M. ♂ ♀ Falkovitsh leg. (gen. prep. 3431, 7645, J.V.) (IZBE). Preparations of genitalia: 2 , 2 . Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 18–19 mm. Forewings with an oblique, ochreous medianband which is bordered by dark brown lines ante- and postmedially, the first rather weak, the second strong and shallowly 8 · Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press HOSSEIN RAJAEI ET AL. incurved at anterior half. There is a whitish band outside the postmedial, continued on the hindwings which are oth- erwise without pattern (Fig. 7). Male genitalia with elongate, distally rounded valves, with a strong, apically hooked and pointed harpe arising from their base; juxta deeply divided longitudinally; aedeagus with a peculiar distal prong (Fig. 38), the latter being unique for the whole genus. Female genitalia (here figured for the first time) with broad tubular ductus bursae, longitudinally folded corpus bursae, rugose but without internal spines, with a membranous apex connected to a membranous diverticulum (Fig. 61). The characteristic small species cannot be confused with any other of the Iranian Lithostege. Taxonomic note. Type material of L. obliquata Urbahn could not be traced so far, but, the descriptions of this species and of L. repeteki Tsvetajev and the attached illustrations fit perfectly well and without doubt are dealing with the same species. Moreover, the type localities are also the same, and so we treat the two names as synonyms. As page 193 of the Entomologische Zeitschrift was published September 1, 1971, and the third part of vol. 50 of the Entomologitsheskoje Obozrenie later than September 16, 1971 (loc. cit., impressum p. 728) L. obliquata Urbahn must be considered asthe valid name and L. repeteki Tsvetajev as its junior subjective synonym. Bionomics. Specimens studied are collected in March and April only, at an altitude of 100 m (one record on elevation only). Additional data on distribution based on literature sources. Falkovitsh (1986): Uzbekistan (as L. repeteki) Distribution. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (Map 2). MAP 2. buxtoni species group: L.buxtoni; L. stadiei,L. obliquata. III. The bosporaria group L. bosporaria (Herrich-Schäffer) (Figs. 8, 39; Map 3) REVIEW OF LITHOSTEGE Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 9 ♀ Chesias bosporaria Herrich-Schäffer, 1848: 182; pl. 53, fig. 327. Syntypes2 , ZISP (examined). Type locality: Constantino- ple [Istanbul] (Turkey). Lithostege bosporaria: Prout, 1914: 173, 12c; Prout, 1938: 241; Viidalepp, 1996: 47; Parsons et al., 1999: 545. Larentia porcataria Boisduval, 1848: 30. Syntype♀s in BMNH (not examined). Type locality: Odessa region (Ukraine). Lithostege latestrigata Rebel, 1933: 24. Syntype in NHMW (not examined). Type locality: Ankara (Turkey). ♀ Material examined. Type material: Syntypes: 2 : ‘[Azerbaijan] Helen[en]dorf’, ‘Coll. Great Knjaz Nikolaj ♀ Mikhajlovich’, ‘ex coll. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sc♂i. St♀. Pete♂rsbu♀rg, Russia’, ‘Lithostege bosporaria H.-S. , Mironov DET. 2000’; in ZISP; Additional material: 3 , 5 : 1 , 3 : Asia Minor, Ankara, 11.5.[19]66, leg. Dr. Sielmann, ♂ ♂ gen. prep. 1088 ( )/2010 H. R.; in♂ ZFM♀K. 1 : Asia min, Kirikkale, 65 km östl Ankara, 29.5.1964, [leg.] J. Kli- mesch, coll. Klimesch; in ZSM. 1 , 1 : Azerb [aijan] SSR, Kucheti, 16.05.[19]63 [H. Remm leg.] (gen. prep. K- ♀ ♀ ♂ ♀ 776, , J.V.); 1 : Arm [enia], Khosrov, 10.06.1969, J.V.; coll IZBE. Preparations of genitalia: 1 , 1 . Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 27–29 mm. Forewing crossed by straight, greyish-white bands, the distal two (postmedial and submarginal) lined blackish, basal and antemedial lines acutely angled near costa. Wing sur- face otherwise dark brown. Hindwings with a white, curved postmedial line without dark borders, veins black. L. witzenmanni has very similar pattern elements, but he wing surface between the lines is rather light grey instead of brown (Fig. 8). Male genitalia (Fig. 39) with broad, distally truncate valves, provided with elongate, distally curved harpes and straight, rather short, finger-shaped dorsal arms; strong, tooth-shaped projections are arising internally from the bases of the harpes; juxta broad, elongate, distally notched.Female genitalia with corpus bursae broad and spiculate; diverticulum of bursa present. Bionomics. Confined to steppe and mountain steppe (Didmanidze, 1978). Specimens studied are collected in May and June only. Additional data on distribution based on literature sources. Didmanidze (1978): Georgia; Wardikjan (1985): Armenia. Distribution. Southern Ukraine and southern European Russia to Transcaucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbai- jan), Turkey (Map 3). L. usgentaria Christoph (Figs. 9, 40, 62; Map 3) Lithostege usgentaria Christoph. 1885: 131, pl. 6, fig. 11. Syntypes (not traced). Type locality: “Mergelhügel” near Krasno- wodsk [now Turkmenbashi] (Turkmenistan). Lithostege usgentaria: Prout, 1914: 173, 11b; Prout, 1938: 241, pl. 18k; Viidalepp, 1996: 47; Parsons et al., 1999: 547. ♂ ♀ ♀ ♂ Material examin♂ed. ♀6 , 11 : 1 , 1 : ‘[Turkmenistan], Tura’, ‘Coll. Great Knjaz Nikolaj Mikhajlovich’, ‘455’; in ZISP. 1 , 1 : Turkmenistan, 50 km N of Ashkhabad, 100 m, 17.IV.1993, No. L88, 58°33'E, 38°22'N, ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ leg. M. Hreblay, Gy. Laszlo, A. Podiussany, preps 1017/2010, ♂ 1016/2010 H. ♀R.; both in ZSM. 2 , 2 : „Turkmeenia” [Turkmenistan] 1977, Repetek 16–17.04, gen. prep. 7548, J.V.; 1 : „Turkmeenia” [Turkmeni- ♂ stan], Kyzyl-Arvat, 27.04.1984, Martin & Talve leg.; 1 ♂:♀ Turkestan mer., Iolotanj, 14.04.[19]77, lum., terr. psamm., Kozakevitsh leg., gen. prep. 7548, J.V.; in IZBE. : Turkmenistan: Central Karakum desert; Murgab; ♀ Badkhyz; Kopet-Dagh: Germob, in IZAT. 1 , USSR, Uzbekistan, Buchara, 25.4.[19]82, gen. prep. 1078/2010 H. ♀ ♀ R.; 3 , Afghanistan, Herat, 970 m, 15.4.1956, H. G. Amsel leg., gen. prep. 1079/2010 H. R.; in ZFMK. 1 : same ♂ ♀ data, gen. prep. 1061/2010 H. R., in SMNK. Preparations of genitalia: 3 , 3 . Description & Diagnosis. Wingspan 21–25 mm. Wings light grey or brownish-grey, dark grey distal half of medial band edged by smoothly curved white lines (gently incurved below CuA2). Antemedial line oblique, a dou- ble until lower vein of cell, simple, whitish and sharply angled in cell. Hindwings grey or brown, almost without pattern (Fig. 9). Fore-tibia with epiphysis (inner distal projection) shorter than in L. bosporaria. Male genital arma- ture (Fig. 40) smaller than in L. bosporaria, valves distally evenly rounded, harpe similar, a little longer, dorsal pro- cess of harpe parallel to valve costa, distinctly longer and a little narrower than in bosporaria; saccus triangular, in bosporaria rather elongate and distally rounded; uncus longer and narrower than that in L. bosporaria. Female antrum broad and cup-shaped, its posterior margin with a U-shaped notch (Fig. 62); apophyses posteriores 2 times longer than apophyses anteriores; ductus bursae long, broad, strongly sclerotized; corpus bursae globular, interiorly spiculate; anterior diverticulum present. 10 · Zootaxa 3105 © 2011 Magnolia Press HOSSEIN RAJAEI ET AL.