Brief Contents 33 The semicolon and the Grammar 143 colon 186 Writing Papers in APA Style 1 25 Subject-verb 34 The apostrophe 189 agreement 144 1 Writing college papers in APA style 2 35 Quotation marks 191 a Words between subject a Research paper: Literature review 3 and verb a Direct quotations b Subjects with and b Titles of short works b Research paper: Original research 3 c Subjects with or, nor c With other punctuation c Laboratory report 4 d Indefinite pronouns d Misuses d Analytical essay 4 e Collective nouns 36 Other marks 195 e Annotated bibliography 5 f Subject after verb a Period g who, which, that b Question mark f Administrative report 5 h Plural form, singular c Exclamation point g Case study 5 meaning d Dash h Clinical paper 6 i Titles, company names e Parentheses 26 Other problems with f Brackets i Professional memo 6 verbs 148 g Ellipsis mark j Reflective essay 6 a Irregular verbs h Slash 2 Understanding APA conventions 7 b Tense c Mood 3 Posing questions to start a paper 11 Mechanics 200 27 Pronouns 154 4 Finding appropriate sources 12 a Agreement 37 Capitalization 201 5 Evaluating sources 17 b Reference a Proper vs. common 6 Managing information; avoiding plagiarism 22 c Case ( I vs. me etc.) nouns d who or whom b Titles with proper names 7 Supporting a thesis 25 28 Adjectives and adverbs c Titles of works 8 Avoiding plagiarism 29 162 d Special terms 9 Integrating sources 32 29 Sentence fragments 164 e First word of a sentence f First word after a colon 30 Run-on sentences 166 g Abbreviations a Revision with comma Formatting Papers in APA Style 38 and coordinating 38 Abbreviations 203 conjunction a Before and after a name 10 Parts of a paper in APA style 39 b With semicolon (or colon b Organizations, 11 APA manuscript format 45 or dash) companies, countries c By separating sentences c Units of measurement 12 Sample pages from papers in APA style 51 d By restructuring and time d Latin abbreviations 31 Grammar concerns for e Plural of abbreviations multilingual writers 169 Documenting Sources in APA Style 100 f Other abbreviations a Verbs g Inappropriate b Articles (a, an, the) 13 APA in-text citations 101 abbreviations c Sentence structure 14 APA reference list 106 d Prepositions at, on, in 39 Numbers 206 15 APA footnotes 124 40 Italics 207 41 Spelling 209 Punctuation 178 42 Hyphenation 211 Clarity 126 32 The comma 179 a Independent clauses 16 Wordy sentences 127 b Introductory elements Glossaries 214 17 Active verbs 128 c Items in a series 43 Glossary of usage 215 18 Parallelism 130 de CNoonorredsintraitcet iaved jeelcetmiveensts 44 Glossary of grammatical 19 Needed words 131 f Transitions, parenthetical terms 226 20 Shifts 133 expressions g Direct address, yes and 21 Mixed constructions 134 Index 235 no, interrogative tags 22 Misplaced and dangling modifiers 135 h he argued etc. Documentation directories i Dates, addresses, titles Charts and lists for quick j Misuses reference 23 Sentence variety 138 24 Appropriate voice 140 Grammar 143 25 Subject-verb agreement 144 26 Other problems with verbs 148 27 Pronouns (agreement, reference, case) 154 28 Adjectives and adverbs 162 29 Sentence fragments 164 30 Run-on sentences 166 31 Grammar concerns for multilingual writers 169 Punctuation 178 32 The comma 179 33 The semicolon and the colon 186 34 The apostrophe 189 35 Quotation marks 191 36 Other marks 195 Mechanics 200 37 Capitalization 201 38 Abbreviations 203 39 Numbers 206 40 Italics 207 41 Spelling 209 42 Hyphenation 211 Glossaries 214 43 Glossary of usage 215 44 Glossary of grammatical terms 226 Index 235 Documentation directories Charts and lists for quick reference List of sample pages from student papers Visiting the writing center Checklist for global revision Revision symbols 00_HAC_56849_FM_00i-0vi.indd 1 4/17/12 10:11 AM this page left intentionally blank 00_HAC_56849_FM_00i-0vi.indd 2 4/17/12 10:12 AM A Pocket Style Manual Sixth Edition APA Version Diana Hacker Nancy Sommers Harvard University Contributing Author Rick A. Matthews Carthage College Contributing ESL Specialist Marcy Carbajal Van Horn St. Edward’s University Bedford/St. Martin’s Boston ◆ New York 00_HAC_56849_FM_00i-0vi.indd 3 4/17/12 10:12 AM Discipline consultants: Dorinda Carter Andrews (educa- tion), Michigan State University; Nancy Sosna Bohm (library), Lake Forest College; Mary E. Evans (nursing), University of South Florida; Christina Havlin (humanities), ECPI University; Diana J. LaRocco (education), University of Hartford; Cheryl Laz (sociology), University of Southern Maine; Tamara F. O’Callaghan (English), Northern Kentucky University; Robert Sanford (environmental science), University of Southern Maine; Barbara Wurtzel (library), Springfield Technical Community College For Bedford/St. Martin’s Executive Editor: Michelle M. Clark Senior Editors: Barbara G. Flanagan and Mara Weible Senior Production Editor: Rosemary Jaffe Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Peterson Marketing Manager: Scott Berzon Editorial Assistant: Kylie Paul Copyeditor: Linda McLatchie Indexer: Ellen Kuhl Repetto Permissions Manager: Kalina K. Ingham Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Claire Seng-Niemoeller Cover Design: Donna Lee Dennison Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services Printing and Binding: Quad/Graphics Leominster President: Joan E. Feinberg Editorial Director: Denise B. Wydra Editor in Chief: Karen S. Henry Director of Marketing: Karen R. Soeltz Director of Production: Susan W. Brown Associate Director, Editorial Production: Elise S. Kaiser Managing Editor: Elizabeth M. Schaaf Library of Congress Control Number: 2012930193 Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. 7 6 5 4 3 2 f e d c b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN 978-0-312-56849-8 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments and copyrights can be found at the back of the  book on page 234, which constitutes an extension of the copy right page. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder. 00_HAC_56849_FM_00i-0vi.indd 4 4/17/12 10:12 AM How to use this book A Pocket Style Manual, APA Version, is a quick reference for writers and researchers who use the style guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA). As a researcher, you can turn to it for details about finding, evaluating, and documenting sources and about writing papers in APA style. As a writer, you will find advice on revising sen- tences for clarity, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Here are the book’s key reference features. Contents The brief table of contents inside the front cover identifies broad areas of coverage. To target specific sections, see the detailed contents inside the back cover. Index If you’re not sure which topic to choose from the tables of contents, check the index at the back of the book, which includes user-friendly terms like “I vs. me” to point to common problems like pronoun case. Charts and checklists For quick advice on revising a draft or preparing for a writing center visit, you can find key strategies in the charts and checklists throughout the book and at the end of the book. Writing and formatting APA-style papers Sections 1–12 provide advice about using APA conventions, supporting a thesis, avoiding plagiarism, and integrating sources when you write papers in APA style. The handbook includes sam- ple pages from 11 types of student papers. Annotations on the sample pages point out appropriate writing as well as correct formatting of the parts of an APA-style paper . Documenting sources in APA style Sections 13–15 pro- vide models for APA-style in-text citations and reference list entries. Directories to documentation models are on pages 101 and 107–08 and in the back of the book. Glossaries To check the correct use of commonly con- fused or misused words (such as affect, effect), see section 43 (glossary of usage). For brief definitions of grammatical terms such as subordinate clause, see section 44. Web references The bottoms of pages give references to practice exercises and complete model papers online at hackerhandbooks.com/pocketapa. See page vi for more about these free online resources. v 00_HAC_56849_FM_00i-0vi.indd 5 4/18/12 3:03 PM sv agr 144 25 Subject-verb agreement 25 How to use th eM ake subjects and verbs agree. companion Web site In the present tense, verbs agree with their subjects in number (singular or plural) and in person (first, second, or third). The present-tense ending -s is used on a verb Throughout A Pockieft iSttsy sleu bMjeacnt uias lt,h AirPdA-p Veresrosnio nsin, yguolua’rl;l ofi tnhder wise the verb references to modeltsa,k persa ncoti ceen deixnegr.c Cisoens,s aidnedr, afodrd eitxiaomnpalle s,u tph-e present-tense port at hackerhandfobrmoos kosf. cthoem v/eprbo gcikvee:tapa. The resources listed here are free. SINGULAR PLURAL FIRST PERSON I give we give Exercises Practice online with more than one thousand SECOND PERSON you give you give inter active grammaTrH IRaDn PdE RrSeOsNe arch exheer/cshisee/ iti tgeimvess , all wthitehy give immediate feedbac k. Unique researcYhol aenxdear cgiivseess help ypaoruen ts give integrate and document sources and avoid plagiarism The verb be varies from this pattern; it has special while writing in APA style. forms in both the present and the past tense. Model student wrPiRtiEnSEgN T-TTEwNSeEl ve complete studPeAnStT -pTEaNpSeE rs FORMS OF BE FORMS OF BE (and one partial paper) represent 11 genres: administrative I am we are I was we were report, analytical essay, annotated bibliography, business you are you are you were you were report, clinical practice paper, lab report, professional he/she/it is they are he/she/it was they were memo, refl ective essay, research paper (empirical research), This section describes particular situations that can research paper (literature review), and research paper (qual- cause problems with subject-verb agreement. itative methodology). Annotations on the sample pages paso cin1o44tr roeuscv2 tta5g rafoprSpmubrjecota-vpetrbtr aiginrae2emtgee5n to waf rtiWhtieno pgra dfrostrs beoaefc tahwn t eAyepPnAe -ossftu ypblaejp epecarp ta esar .wndel lv erb 25 Make subjects aWndo vredr bsg raogurepes. often come between the subject and the Research and Docuvemrbe. nStuacthio nw oOrnd lignreou pCs, ounssuualltl y g umidoedliifnyeins g the subject, In the present tense, verbs agree with their subjects in andn ummbeor d(sineglusla r foor prlu fira l)n andmd iinna ypge r csaoonn n(fidtrsat ,d isneoco cand u,n mouenn tthinagt asto fiurrscte asp ipne amrso troe b e the subject. or third). The present-tense ending -s is used on a verb thanif i ts3 su0b jeactc isa thdired-mpersiocn sidBngiyusl acrm; ioptehlenirwntiaseel tlshy.e vsertbr ipping away such modifiers, you can iso- tfoakrmess n oof ethned ivnegr.b C goivne:sider, for leaxatmep lte,h thee pnresoenut-nten steh at is in fact the subject. SINGULAR PLURAL MulFItRSiTl PiEnRSOgN ual I wgiver iters Tawhne egdi vse aEmSpLle s oCn htheec ktr aoyu itn cthhea lratbs ,n seetdu dteyst ing. helpSEC,O NDs PaERmSON pley oup gaivep ers, aynou dgiv eexercises designed for writers THIRD PERSON he/she/it gives they give who speak lanYolganuda agigve▶se s iHnpia rgaenhdts dgliveievtieolsn o tfo a iEr npgollilsuhti.on damage/s the The verb be varies from this pattern; it has special forms in both the present and the past tense. respiratory tract. WriPFtORRiESMnESN gOT-FT EB NEc SE enter resPFoAOSRTMu-TSE rONFSc EB Ees Make the most of your writ- ing I came nter wsee asres ions wI wiast Thh ree svuibwsej iewocerten i sc lheveelcsk, nliostt sp oallnutdio hn.elpsheets for yhcoeou/s hamree/ it mis oythoneuy a arwree ritin gyhoe,u/s hwgee/rriet awams mythoeuay w wree,rre eand research problems. has This section describes par▶ticu lar Tsithuaeti osnls athuatg chant er of pandas for their pelts have caused cause problems with subject-verb agreement. ^ 25a Words between subject athnde v eprabnda population to decline drastically. Word groups often come between the subject and the verb. Such word groups, usually moTdihfyien gs tuhbe jsuebcjetc ti,s slaughter, not pandas or pelts. may contain a noun that at first appears to be the subject. By mentally stripping away such modifiers, you can iso- llaattee tthhee nnoouunn tthhaatt iiss iinn ffaacctt tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt.. The samples oonn tthhee ttrraayy iinn tthhPee RllaabbA nnnnCeeeeeeeeTdddd ItttCeeessstttEiiinnn ggg...hackerhandbooks.com/pocketapa ▶ HHHHiiiigggghhhh lllleeeevvvveeeellllssss ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn ddddaaaammmmaaaagggg>eeee/////ssss tttGhhheee rammar > 25–1 to 25–3 respiratory tract. The subject is levels, not pollution. Cross-references has ▶ The slaughter of pandas for their pelts have caused throughout the book ^ the panda population to decline drastically. point to related exer- The subject is slaughter, not pandas or pelts. cises and models online PRACTICE hackerhandbooks.com/pocketapa at hackerhandbooks > Grammar > 25–1 to 25–3 .com/pocketapa. 05_HAC_56849_05_143-177.indd 144 4/3/12 3:35 PM vi 05_HAC_56849_05_143-177.indd 144 4/3/12 3:35 PM 00_HAC_56849_FM_00i-0vi.indd 6 4/18/12 3:03 PM writing Papers in APA Style 1 Writing college papers in APA style 2 2 Understanding APA conventions 7 3 Posing questions to start a paper 11 4 Finding appropriate sources 12 5 Evaluating sources 17 6 Managing information; avoiding plagiarism 22 7 Supporting a thesis 25 8 Avoiding plagiarism 29 9 Integrating sources 32 01_HAC_56849_01_001-037.indd 1 3/29/12 1:38 PM APA 2 1 Writing papers in APA style 1 Writing college papers in APA style In most of your college courses, it’s likely you will be asked to complete one or more writing assignments. Besides composition courses, a wide variety of college courses require writing. Many different types of writing — essays, laboratory reports, memos, and treatment plans, for example — are assigned in many types of courses, such as psychology, sociology, business, and nursing. Instruc- tors in these courses typically ask their students to write in the style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA). APA style is a set of rules and guidelines for writers in the social sciences (psychology, sociology, criminal jus- tice, anthropology, political science) and in business, edu- cation, and nursing. When you are assigned a paper for a particular class, you should think of that assignment as an opportunity to join a discourse community — a group of thinkers and writers in a field who share interests, ideas, and ways of communicating with one another. When you adhere to APA style, you satisfy your readers’ expectations and allow them to focus attention on the substance of your writing without unnecessary distractions. APA style may be used for many types of writing, or genres. The following are the most common types of papers assigned in APA style: • research paper: literature review • research paper: original empirical research • laboratory report • analytical essay • annotated bibliography • administrative report • case study • clinical paper • professional memo • reflective essay Sections 1a–1j describe the requirements of these types of papers. Section 10 gives details about the typical parts of APA-style papers. And section 12 contains excerpts from several papers written in APA style. 01_HAC_56849_01_001-037.indd 2 3/29/12 1:38 PM