Intonation Counterarguments Brief Contents Rate Avoid Fallacies Pauses Organization Vocal Variety Jacob Hahn, Becoming a Socially Pronunciation and Articulation Conscious Consumer Part 1 G etting Started 1 Dialect 25. Special Occasion 1 92 1. Becoming a Public Speaker 2 18. The Body 1 34 Speeches of Introduction Body Language Speeches of Acceptance 2. From A to Z: Overview of a Speech 8 Practicing Delivery Speeches of Presentation 3. Managing Speech Anxiety 13 Roasts and Toasts Part 6 • Presentation Aids 139 Eulogies and Other Tributes 4. Ethical Public Speaking 20 After-Dinner Speeches 19. Speaking with Presentation Speeches of Inspiration 5. Listeners and Speakers 27 Aids 1 40 President Obama Speaks at a Selecting Aids Memorial Service for Nelson Presenting Aids Mandela Part 2 D evelopment 33 20. Designing Presentation Aids 1 44 6. Analyzing the Audience 34 Part 8 • Online, Group, Simplicity and Business Contexts 203 7. Selecting a Topic and Purpose 44 Consistency Typefaces and Fonts 26. Online Presentations 2 04 8. Developing Supporting Material 54 Color Similarities to FTF Speaking 9. Finding Credible Sources in Print and Online 60 Interpretations of Color Virtual Delivery 21. Using Presentation Planning 10. Citing Sources in Your Speech 70 Software 1 48 Online Presentation Platforms Develop a Plan 27. Communicating in Groups 2 10 Avoid Technical Glitches 28. Presenting in Teams 2 14 Part 3 O rganization 79 A Speech, Not a Slide Show 29. Business Presentations 2 18 Finding Media 11. Organizing the Body of the Speech 80 From Slide Show to Presentation: 12. Selecting an Organizational Pattern 89 Deliver an Effective Presentation Part 9 • Speaking in Online Tutorial: Creating Presentations Other College Courses 225 13. Outlining the Speech 95 Avoid Copyright Infringement 30. Presentations Across the Curriculum 2 26 Part 7 • Types of 31. Science and Mathematics Part 4 S tarting, Finishing, and Styling 109 Speeches 155 Courses 2 31 14. Developing the Introduction and Conclusion 110 22. Informative 1 56 32. Technical Courses 2 35 15. Using Language 117 Sustain Involvement 33. Social Science Courses 2 38 Help Listeners Follow 34. Arts and Humanities Informative Topic Areas Courses 2 40 Presenting Information Part 5 D elivery 125 Reduce Confusion 35. Education Courses 2 43 Arrange Main Points 36. Nursing and Allied Health 16. Methods of Delivery 126 DJ McCabe, Freeganism: Courses 2 45 17. Your Voice in Delivery 129 More Than a Free Lunch Appendices 2 49 18. Your Body in Delivery 134 23. Priciples of Persuasive Speaking 1 67 A. Citation Guidelines 2 50 Motivation B. Question-and-Answer Reason and Emotion Sessions 2 63 Part 6 P resentation Aids 139 Listener Needs C. Preparing for Mediated 19. Speaking with Presentation Aids 140 24. Constructing the Persuasive Communication 2 64 Speech 1 74 D. Tips for Non-Native Speakers 20. Designing Presentation Aids 144 Claims of English 2 66 21. Using Presentation Software 148 Evidence Glossary 2 70 Warrants Reasoning Call to Action Index 3 05 macmillanhighered.com/pocketspeak5e mech_O’Hair_Pocket Guide5e_SE_081115 OHA_7040_IFC_r1jm.indd 2 7/24/O1H5 A _1700:2440 _AIMFC_IBC_r3jm.indd 3 8/11/15 7:59 AM Part 7 T ypes of Speeches 155 22. Informative Speaking 156 23. Principles of Persuasive Speaking 167 24. Constructing the Persuasive Speech 174 25. Speaking on Special Occasions 192 Part 8 O nline, Group, and Business Contexts 203 26. Preparing Online Presentations 204 27. Communicating in Groups 210 28. Delivering Group Presentations 214 29. Business and Professional Presentations 218 Part 9 S peaking in Other College Courses 225 30. Presentations Assigned across the Curriculum 226 31. Science and Mathematics Courses 231 32. Technical Courses 235 33. Social Science Courses 238 34. Arts and Humanities Courses 240 35. Education Courses 243 36. Nursing and Allied Health Courses 245 Appendices 249 A. Citation Guidelines 250 B. Question-and-Answer Sessions 263 C. Preparing for Mediated Communication 264 D. Tips for Non-Native Speakers of English 266 Glossary 270 Index 305 macmillanhighered.com/pocketspeak5e 00_OHA_7040_i_xiv_r4jm.indd 1 8/17/15 7:47 AM this page left intentionally blank A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking FIFTH EDITION Dan O’Hair University of Kentucky Hannah Rubenstein Rob Stewart Texas Tech University Bedford /St.Martin’s A Macmillan Education Imprint Boston • New York 00_OHA_7040_i_xiv_r4jm.indd 3 8/17/15 7:47 AM For Bedford/St. Martin’s Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Higher Education Humanities: Edwin Hill Publisher for Communication: Erika Gutierrez Development Manager: Susan McLaughlin Senior Developmental Editor: Lorraina Morrison Senior Media Editor: Tom Kane Editorial Assistant: Will Stonefeld Senior Production Editor: Pamela Lawson Production Supervisors: Dennis Conroy, Victoria Anzalone Marketing Manager: Thomas Digiano Copy Editor: Denise P. Quirk Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Kall Design Cover Design: John Callahan Composition: Jouve Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007 by Bedford/St. Martin’s. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher. 0 9 8 7 6 5 f e d c b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 ( 617-399-4000) ISBN 978-1-4576-7040-4 Manufactured in China. ISBN 978-1-319-01977-8 Manufactured in the U.S. Acknowledgments Joe Ayres and Tim S. Hopf. “Visualization: Is It More than Extra- Attention?” From Communication Education, Volume 38 (1989), pp. 1–5. Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd. www .informaworld.com. At the time of publication all Internet URLs published in this text  were found to accurately link to their intended website. If you  do fnd a broken link, please forward the information to How to Use the Book and Digital Resources A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition, is designed to provide quick, clear answers to your questions about public speaking — w hether you’re in a public speaking class, in a course in your major, on the job, or in your community. Here you will fnd the tools you need to help you prepare and deliver a wide range of speeches and presentations. In Parts 1 through 5 you will fnd chapters that cover all the steps necessary to create a speech — from planning, research, and development to organization, practice, and delivery. Part 6 includes three chapters about presentation aids and how to use them effectively. Chapters in Part 7 con- tain guidelines for creating three of the most commonly assigned speeches in public speaking classes: informative, persuasive, and s pecial occasion. For specifc guidelines on pre- paring online presentations, communicating and speaking in small groups, and speaking on the job, see Part 8. Part 9 con- tains advice on speaking in other college courses, from sci- ence and math to engineering, education, and nursing and allied health. Finding What You Need TABLES OF CONTENTS. Browsing through the brief table of contents inside the front cover will usually guide you to the information you need. If not, consult the more detailed table of contents included inside the back cover. INDEX. If you can’t locate what you need in either set of con- tents, consult the index at the back of the book, beginning on page 305. This can be espe cially useful if you’re looking for something specifc and you know the term for it. For e xample, if you need to prepare a sales proposal for a business course, you c ould s imply look under “ sales proposal” in the index and then go to the designated pages. LISTS OF FEATURES. On pages 317–21 (just before the end of the book), you’ll fnd a quick guide to some of the most consulted parts of this book: the Checklists, Quick Tips, Visual Guides (illustrated explanations of key points), and full- length model speeches. SPEAKING BEYOND THE SPEECH CLASSROOM. In Part 8, “Online, Group, and Business Contexts,” you’ll fnd useful information on preparing online presentations, communicat- ing and speaking in groups, and interacting in the workplace. In Part 9, “Speaking in Other College Courses,” you’ll fnd detailed directions for speaking in a range of college classes including courses in the social sciences, arts and humanities, v 00_OHA_7040_i_xiv_r4jm.indd 5 8/17/15 7:47 AM vi • How to Use tHe Book and digital ResoURces education, science and mathematics, engineering and archi- tecture, and nursing and allied health. GLOSSARY. For defnitions of key terms highlighted in the book, see pages 270–90. Quick Speech Preparation If you have to prepare a speech quickly (for example, giving a frst speech early in the semester), consult Chapters 1–3 in A Pocket Guide: • Chapter 1, “Becoming a Public Speaker,” provides a brief discussion of public speaking basics. • Chapter 2, “From A to Z: Overview of a Speech,” offers quick guidance on each step in the speechmaking pro- cess, from selecting a topic to delivery. • Chapter 3, “Managing Speech Anxiety,” provides tech- niques that will help you overcome any fears of public speaking you may have. For more on specifc types of speeches, consult Chapters 22–25 in Part 7 on informative, persuasive, and s pecial occa- sion speeches, or the appropriate chapter in Part 8 or Part 9. Other Useful Tools CITATION GUIDELINES. Appendix A (pp. 250–62) contains guidelines for documenting sources in the following styles: Chicago, American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Council of Science Editors (CSE), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). TIPS FOR NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH. Appendix D (pp. 266–69) addresses the most common ESL challenges, including pronunciation of certain words and challenges in being understood. 00_OHA_7040_i_xiv_r4jm.indd 6 8/17/15 7:47 AM How to Use tHe Book and digital ResoURces • vii macmillanhighered.com/pocketspeak5e LaunchPad Solo is a new, easy-to-use platform that offers digital tools to support the speechmaking process. It contains high-quality multimedia content and ready-made assess- ment options, including LearningCurve adaptive quizzing that will give you a leg up on learning the concepts. Your book may have come with an access card to LaunchPad Solo at your instructor’s request. If not, access can be purchased online from the URL listed above. LearningCurve LearningCurve is an online learning tool that adapts to what you already know and helps you learn the topics that you need to practice. LearningCurve ensures that you receive as much targeted practice as you need in order to master the m at er ial. Video LaunchPad Solo for A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking pro- vides  access to more than two hundred ffty video clips. The functionality of VideoTools aids in the review of student speech videos by enabling instructors to create video assign- ments. Students can easily upload their own speech videos for review and evaluation. Both instructors and students can add video from the LaunchPad Library, YouTube, or their own collection, use time-based comments to discuss the video, and then evaluate video using rubrics. Video icons appear near sample speeches to encourage students to watch the related video in LaunchPad Solo. E-readings E-readings offer additional and useful online content, includ- ing a complete tutorial on how to create presentation aids using Microsoft PowerPoint, Prezi, and Apple Keynote. E-readings icons are included in the chapters and high- lighted when additional reference m at er ials are available in LaunchPad Solo. 00_OHA_7040_i_xiv_r4jm.indd 7 8/17/15 7:47 AM Preface The Fifth Edition of A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking refects our continuing mission to provide students with a truly effec- tive speech resource that is comprehensive yet brief, afford- able, and student friendly, based on solid scholarship and the rhetorical tradition. We designed this guide to be useful in the widest pos sible range of situations, from the traditional speech classroom and courses across the curriculum, to the workplace, and in the community. Our primary goal in writing A Pocket Guide has always been to meet the needs of speech instructors who fnd main- stream, full-size introductory speech texts either too over- whelming or too prescriptive for their classes. In addition, we hope to satisfy instructors in other disciplines who want an easy and affordable tool for teaching presentation skills. We also aim to adapt to the changing realities of technology in the discipline by providing helpful guidance on online research and online presentations as well as digital options for reading and studying with A Pocket Guide that students can access easily on a number of devices. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking has been a popular choice for instructors and students since the frst edition was pub- lished in 2003. More than 280,000 instructors and students across the aca demic spectrum — f rom courses in speech and the humanities to education, engineering, and business — have embraced the book, making it the most successful pocket-size speech text available. We have used their helpful feedback to create this ffth edition. Features A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking addresses all of the topics and skills typically covered in an introductory speech text. And because the book is meant to be used throughout stu- dents’ acad emic careers and in a wide variety of classroom settings and beyond, e xamples are drawn from a broad range of speech situations and disciplines. Speech excerpts, sample outlines, and full-length visually annotated sample speeches provide useful models that help students see how speech fundamentals can be applied effectively. Throughout the text, users will fnd many tools to help them focus on key public speaking concepts: charts and tables that summarize salient points; Checklists that reinforce critical content; insightful Quick Tips that offer succinct and practical advice; Visual Guides that illustrate the steps for accomplishing challenging speech tasks; and Appendices that offer citation guidelines, help with question-and-answer ses- sions and mediated communication, and support for non- native speakers of Eng lish. viii 00_OHA_7040_i_xiv_r4jm.indd 8 8/17/15 7:47 AM