A PHILOLOGICAL INQUIRY INTO ŠAY(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) ’A(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)MAD ŠAY(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) SIRĀJ’S BIRILLÉ (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)AFĀ (‘AJAMĪ-’OROMŌ) MAN(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)ŪMAH MANUSCRIPT M. A. Thesis in Philology By Mohammed Hakim Ahmed A. A. U., Department of Linguistics. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Philology (Arabic Stream) Addis Ababa July, 2007 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Professor Alessandro Gori who gave me very important ideas on the general framework and the presupposed contents of this study. His further suggestions, constructive comments and responses have been very important. I would like to express my indebtedness to my friend, Šay(cid:1) Mu(cid:1)ammad Dāwud Mu(cid:1)ammad who assisted me so much in Dawwé in hunting the informants as well as the manuscript of Šay(cid:1) ’A(cid:1)mad Šay(cid:1) Sirāj. Without his assistance, my field study would not have been easier. His interest and eager in my study also have encouraged me to carry it out. I also owe my gratitude to Doctor Jailān (cid:1)a(cid:1)ir (Ph D) who let me use his rich library to search for Arabic sources on the study. I also extend my thanks to my friends: Ya(cid:1)yā (cid:1)ājji Abbā Jabal, Mu(cid:1)ammad ‘Abdu-’l-Majīd and ‘Abdu-’l-Ra(cid:1)mān Mu(cid:1)ammad for their continuous technical assistance and facilitation during the writing of the thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Zabibā (cid:1)asan, who always assisted me so much on many things, and in writing up and editing the thesis. TRANSLITERATION It was difficult to get full IPA symbols on the computers during this study. Therefore, I have used the following Latin symbols in transliteration in this work, which were used during the Philology classes and were easily available. These are ii listed below in the left column with Arabic correspondents in the right, and descriptions of features of articulation with examples for some of them, particularly those with diacritics that may confuse the reader. I have also used the Qube’ writing system of ’Afān-’Oromō in the thesis in the case of the transliteration of ‘ajami-Oromo texts and terms. Arabic Symbols Descriptions of Feature of Articulation with Examples Correspondents ’ Voiced glottal stop / ’alif/, as in the English word (ء) ا b /ask/. ب t Voiced bilabial stop. ت (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) Voiceless alveo-dental stop. ث j Voiceless dental flap/ tap, as in /thanks/. ج (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) Voiced palatal stop, as in /jazz/. ح Voiceless glottal fricative, as in the Arabic word / ة(cid:3)َ(cid:5)َ(cid:6) (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) /[(cid:1)ayāt] ‘life’. خ d Voiceless velar fricative, as in /(cid:7)َ(cid:8)َ(cid:9) /[(cid:1)abar] ‘news’ د (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) ذ Voiced alveolar stop. r Voiced dental flap/tap, as in /(cid:10)ْ(cid:12)ذَ/ [(cid:1)anb] ‘sin’. ر z ز Voiced alveolar trill. s Voiced alveolar fricative. س š Voiceless alveolar fricative. ش (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) Voiceless post alveolar fricative. ص Voiceless alveolar velarized fricative (emphatic); as in ض (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) /ة(cid:14)َ َ(cid:15)/ [(cid:1)alāt] ‘prayer’. Voiced alveo=dental velarized fricative (emphatic); ط ť as in /بَ (cid:7)َ َ(cid:17)/ [(cid:1)araba] ‘(he) beat’. Voiceless velarized alveo-dental ejective; as in ظ (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) Amharic: / ťammāw/ ‘(he is) thirsty’. Capital= Ť. Voiced dental velarized fricative (emphatic); as in ع ‘ /ة(cid:7)َ ْ(cid:18)َ(cid:19)/ [(cid:1)ahrah] ‘flower’. ġ Voiced pharyngeal stop; as in /(cid:20)ْ(cid:5)َ(cid:21)/ [‘ayn] ‘eye’. غ f ف Voiced velar fricative; as in /(cid:23)ّ ِ(cid:25)َ(cid:26)/ [ġaniyyun/ ‘rich’. q Voiceless labio-dental fricative. ق Voiceless uvular plosive, as in the Arabic word /(cid:10)ْ(cid:27)َ(cid:28) / k [qalb] ‘heart’. ك Voiceless velar plosive. ل l م m Voiced alveolar lateral/approximant. iii n Voiced bilabial nasal. ن h Voiced alveolar nasal. (cid:19) w Voiced glottal fricative. و y Bilabial approximant ي Voiced palatal approximant. ‘Ajamī Sounds Descriptions/ Examples č Voiceless palatal plosive, as in /church/. č’ Voiceless palatal ejective, as in Amharic /č’aw/ ‘salt’, ’Afān-’Oromō: “ č’abé/ ‘(it’s) broken’ ñ Voiceless palatal nasal. p’ Voiceless bilabial ejective. g Voiced velar plosive/ stop. ð Voiced alveolar implosive, as in the ’Afān-’Oromō / ðaðā/ ‘butter’. Cluster of identical consonants represent gemination. Short Description/ Example Arabic (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)arakah vowels a Open, front; as in the English word: /arm/; ’Afān- َــــــ ’Oromō or Arabic: /ana/ ‘I’; Amharic: /aratti/ ‘four’. u Close, back; as in Amharic: /qulf/ ‘key’. ُـــــ o Close-mid, back; as in English: /old/. i Close, front; as in /ship/. ِِـــــ é Close-mid, front; as in /get/. Arabic Long Vowels Description with Examples of Correspondent Pronunciation ā (aa) Open, back; as in: /gas/, /car/, /rat/. اء ،(cid:30) ū (uu) Close-mid, back; as in: /root/, /shoes/, or ō (oo) /good/. ْواُ Open-mid, back; as in: /goat/, or /boat/. ī (ii) Close, front; as in: /cheese/, or /teeth/, or /is/, /dear/. ْىا ē’ (ee) Open-mid, front; as in: /gaze/, /case/, iv /phase/. v C O N T E N T S TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I TRANSLITERATION II INTRODUCTION VI CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BACKGROUND TO DAWWÉ (OROMIA ZONE) 1 1.1 History and location of Dawwé 1 1.2 Ethnic and linguistic composition 3 1.3 Islamization 4 1.4 Review of literature 8 1.5 Methodology 12 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 BIOGRAPHY OF ŠAY(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) A(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)MAD ŠAY(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) SIRĀJ 14 2.1 Early life 15 2.2 Youth: seeking out for a Šay(cid:1) 16 2.3 Acceptance by the celebrated Šay(cid:1) ‘Abdu-’l-Hādī 17 2.4 Coming up to prominence and getting ’Ijāzah 18 2.5 The authoring of Birillé (cid:1)afā (‘ajamī-Oromō) man(cid:1)ūmah manuscript: why? 21 2.6 The episode of his visit to the contemporary Muftī of Dawwé 23 2.7 The legend of mystic karāmah or the miracle by angel 24 2.8 The place of ‘Abī-’l-Jamāl in his life 27 2.9 The end of his life; attributes 32 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 DESCRIPTIONS OF BRILLÉ (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)AFĀ (ZUJĀJATU-’L- (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)AFĀ) MANUSCRIPT 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.3 Formal description of the manuscript 43 vi 3.3 The contents of the manuscript 47 Part one: the Wilādah 47 Part two: the Mu‘jizah 62 Part three: the Nubuwwah 70 Part four: the (cid:1)ulafā’u-’l-Rāšidin 77 TITLE PAGE CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 THE ‘AFĀN-‘OROMŌ (LANGUAGE) OF THE MANUSCRIPT 81 4.1 The sounds 81 4.1.1 The borrowed Arabic consonant sounds used in the text 81 4.1.2 The innovated ‘Ajami-’Oromō sounds 82 4.1.3 The vowels 84 4.2 The loanwords and phrases, and the patterns in which they are used 85 4.2.1 The Arabic loanwords and phrases 85 4.2.2 Some vocabularies specific to the dialect of the manuscript 90 CONCLUSION 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY a vii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BACKGROUND TO DAWWÉ, OROMIA ZONE 1.1 History and location of Dawwé The region of this study, Dawwé, is the southeastern part of the previous Wallō Ťaqlāy-gizāt (Wallo Province) of the Emperor Hailesellassie era or, of the Dabūb Wallō ’Astadādar ’Akkābābī (South Wallō Administration Area) of the Derg Regime. It is bounded by Garfā in the north, Riqqé in the west, the Borkannā River in the south and the ’Awāš River in the east (Hussein Ahmed, 2001: 147). The term Dawwé refers to a river which, beginning in the vicinity of (cid:1)amisé, gushes eastward to the ’Awāš River. It also has been used as a common name of many sub districts in this region. Dawwé has been popular in Ethiopia, particularly among the Muslims for its various reputed centers of Islamic learning. It also comprises various commercial centers and historical rural settlements. Besides its past prosperous agricultural yields, Dawwé had been enjoying lucrative trade transacted in its various trade centers because of its proximity to the contemporary port of Tājurā on the Red Sea and its strategic position connecting the northern, the central and the other Ethiopian hinterlands. However, that prosperity did decline between 1870 and 1880 primarily due to the devastating and coercive religious expeditions of Yohannes IV and the destructive campaigns of Menilik II and of their vassals that severely destroyed and looted the region. Then the hitherto emergence of the port of ’Asab and the rival market center of Bātī and of new political and commercial centers in the hinterlands of the early twentieth century Ethiopia (Hussein Ahmed, 2001: 143) eventually concluded the golden time of Dawwé and reversed it to subsistence/ sedentary life which continued to this date. After the demise of the Derg, the present Government of Ethiopia laid down a new political and administrative structure throughout the nation according to 1 which in 1987 E.C. [1994], the previous Dawwé region was bounded by new boundaries and was given an administrative name which reflected the history and the prevailing demographic and linguistic aspects of the region. Thence, beside the previous common name, “Dawwé", another new administrative one was given to the region which is “Godina Bulchīnsa Sablammī ‘Oromō”/ “Oromo Nationality Administration Zone” or simply, “Oromia Zone”. At present, Oromia Zone is one of the easternmost Administrative Zones in the ‘Amharā National Regional State of Ethiopia. Geographically, it is located between 100 10’ and 110 25’ North, and 390 41’ and 400 24’ East. It is bounded by North Šawā Zone in the west and south, North Wallo Zone in the north and, the ’Afar National Regional State in the east. According to the Administration’s Agriculture and Rural Development Department Budget Plan report, (ARDD: 2006, p. 3) Oromia Zone has a total area expanse of 399,434 ha which is subdivided into 80 rural Qabalés (Amharic: Administrative villages) of Farmers’ Associations that are structured under five rural Waradās, namely: Bātī, Dawwā-č’affā, Harťummā- fursī, Dawwé-bōrā, Jillé-ťimmūgā, and one urban (cid:1)amisé Waradā. (cid:1)amisé town is the capital of the Zone. Harťummā-fursī Warada in which Hūsō rural settlement, founded by Šay(cid:1) ‘Abdu-’l- Hādī (with his student Šay(cid:1) ‘Aḥmad Šay(cid:1) Sirāj) is located, is the southeastern Warada of the Zone with its capital Č’affā-rōbī(t) town. The town is about 30 km south of (cid:1)amisé on the Addis-Dassé asphalt road. The Warada extends eastward comprising the difficult and remote areas that are inaccessible except with the aid of transportation animal. There is a paved stony (gravel) road which is now completely forgotten as it is badly damaged by erosion. As there was no car at all, the journey to and from Hūsō was on horse back as well as on foot along a shortcut path. It is full of sheer ups and downs with windings that make the traveler out of breath. The sharp cliffs and valleys make horse riding absolutely difficult. Because of this challenging landscape, the single trip from Č’affā-rōbī, to Hūsō, 2 which are only 19 km far apart, was a real adventure that took almost the whole day. Out of the above mentioned expanse of the Zone, 32% is mountainous, 65% is full of gorges, and only 3% is plain with altitude ranging between 100-2500masl (ARDD, 2006: 3). The weather of the area is 78% Qollā (Ethiopian lowland with hot temperature), 21% Waynā-Dagā (medium altitude with temperate climate) and only 1% Dagā (highland with cold temperature). The annual rainfall is between 600- 900mm and the temperature ranges from 12- 33 degree Celsius. About 60,355ha or 15.1% of the land is arable which grows various crops and plants. Many animals such as cows, camels, goats, sheep, etc. are reared in the Zone to support the economy. 1.2 Ethnic and linguistic composition Oromia Zone is a region of ethnically heterogeneous society where different nationality groups such as the ‘Argobbā, the ’Oromō, the ‘Amharā and the Afar live together. Amongst these, the ’Argobbā ethnic group arrived in the region in early mediaeval times (Hussein: 2001, p. 144) while as one of the main branch of the Cushitic, the Oromo have conspicuously and distinctively long established in Wallo (and Dawwé) prior to the seventeenth century (’Alamāyyo Hailé et al (vl. 1), 2004: 43-122). The last people that arrived in Dawwé during the last decades of the nineteenth century are the Amharic-speaking merchant families of highland Wallo and Gōndar (Hussein, op cit 2001). These various groups of people settled amidst one another and intermarried due to which the Dawwé society, though dominantly ’Oromō, does show heterogeneity. At present, Oromia Zone has a total population of 574,516 out of which 518,367 are rural while the rest are urban dwellers. This indicates that 90.2% of the population is obviously farmer. According to Zonal ARDD (2007: 3), the ’Oromō 3