A PEOPLE & A NATION This page intentionally left blank A PEOPLE & A NATION A History of the United States Eighth Edition Volume Two: Since 1865 Mary Beth Norton Cornell University Carol Sheriff College of William and Mary David M. Katzman University of Kansas David W. Blight Yale University Howard P. Chudacoff Brown University Fredrik Logevall Cornell University Beth Bailey Temple University HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston New York Publisher:Suzanne Jeans Senior Sponsoring Editor:Ann West Marketing Manager:Katherine Bates Senior Developmental Editor: Jeffrey Greene Senior Project Editor:Jane Lee Art and Design Manager:Jill Haber Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon Senior Photo Editor:Jennifer Meyer Dare Composition Buyer:Chuck Dutton New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan Editorial Associate:Adrienne Zicht Marketing Assistant:Lauren Bussard Editorial Assistant: Carrie Parker/AnneFinley Cover image: Julianitaby Robert Henri, ca. 1917. Private Collection, courtesy Gerald Peters Gallery, New York and John G. Hagan. Chapter opener montage (pp. 435, 467, 497, 529, 563, 591, 621, 647, 677, 707, 739, 766, 795, 825, 857, 889, 921, 951): American Indian, far left: Northwestern University Library, Edward S. Curtis’s The North American Indian: Photographic Images, 2001;second from left: Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman’s Party, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washing- ton, DC; center, second from right, and far right: Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Copyright © 2008 by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007936065 Instructor’s exam copy: ISBN 13: 978-0-547-05241-0 ISBN 10: 0-547-05241-3 For orders, use student text ISBNs: ISBN 13: 978-0-618-94777-5 ISBN 10: 0-618-94777-9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-WEB-11 10 09 08 07 Brief Contents Special Features xiv 25 The Great Depression and the Preface xviii New Deal, 1929–1941 706 About the Authors xxiii 26 The United States in a Troubled World, 16 Reconstruction: An Unfinished 1920–1941 738 Revolution, 1865–1877 434 27 The Second World War at Home and 17 The Development of the West, Abroad, 1941–1945 766 1865–1900 466 28 The Cold War and American 18 The Machine Age, 1877–1920 496 Globalism, 1945–1961 794 19 The Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life, 29 America at Midcentury, 1945–1960 824 1877–1920 528 30 The Tumultuous Sixties, 1960–1968 856 20 Gilded Age Politics, 1877–1900 562 31 Continuing Divisions and New Limits, 21 The Progressive Era, 1895–1920 590 1969–1980 888 22 The Quest for Empire, 1865–1914 620 32 Conservatism Revived, 1980–1992 920 23 Americans in the Great War, 33 Into the Global Millennium: 1914–1920 646 America Since 1992 950 24 The New Era, 1920–1929 676 Appendix A-1 Index I-1 v This page intentionally left blank Contents Special Features xiv Maps xiv Figures xv Tables xvi Links to the World xvi Legacy for a People and a Nation xvii Preface xviii About the Authors xxiii 16 Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution, 1865–1877 434 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Wartime Reconstruction 437 Links to the World: The Grants’ Tour of the World 459 The Meanings of Freedom 439 Summary 462 Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan 443 Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Lost Cause 463 The Congressional Reconstruction Plan 445 Suggestions for Further Reading 464 Politics and Reconstruction in the South 452 Retreat from Reconstruction 457 17 The Development of the West, 1865–1900 466 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| The Economic Activities of Native Peoples 469 The Ranching Frontier 490 The Transformation of Native Cultures 471 Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Myth of the Cowboy 493 The Extraction of Natural Resources 476 Summary 494 Irrigation and Transportation 481 Suggestions for Further Reading 494 Links to the World: The Australian Frontier 484 Farming the Plains 486 18 The Machine Age, 1877–1920 496 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Technology and the Triumph Mechanization and the Changing Status of Industrialization 500 of Labor 505 Links to the World: The Atlantic Cable 501 Labor Violence and the Union Movement 510 vii viii Contents Standards of Living 515 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Technology of Recorded Sound 525 The Corporate Consolidation Movement 520 Summary 526 The Gospel of Wealth and Its Critics 523 Suggestions for Further Reading 526 19 The Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life, 1877–1920 528 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Growth of the Modern City 531 The New Leisure and Mass Culture 552 Urban Neighborhoods 539 Links to the World: Japanese Baseball 554 Living Conditions in the Inner City 543 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Ethnic Food 559 Managing the City 545 Summary 560 Family Life 549 Suggestions for Further Reading 560 20 Gilded Age Politics, 1877–1900 562 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| The Nature of Party Politics 565 The Depression and Protests of the 1890s 581 Issues of Legislation 566 The Silver Crusade and the Election of 1896 584 Tentative Presidents 569 Summary 587 Discrimination, Disfranchisement, Legacy for a People and a Nation: and Responses 572 Interpreting a Fairy Tale 588 Agrarian Unrest and Populism 575 Suggestions for Further Reading 589 Links to the World: Russian Populism 580 21 The Progressive Era, 1895–1920 590 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| The Varied Progressive Impulse 593 Woodrow Wilson and the Extension of Progressive Reform 614 Links to the World: Workers’ Compensation 595 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Government and Legislative Reform 598 Margaret Sanger, Planned Parenthood, and the New Ideas in Social Institutions 600 Birth-Control Controversy 616 Challenges to Racial and Sexual Discrimination 604 Summary 617 Theodore Roosevelt and the Revival of Suggestions for Further Reading 618 the Presidency 609 Contents ix 22 The Quest for Empire, 1865–1914 620 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Imperial Dreams 624 Asian Encounters: War in the Philippines, Diplomacy in China 637 Links to the World: National Geographic 627 TR’s World 639 Ambitions and Strategies 629 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Crises in the 1890s: Hawai’i, Venezuela, Guantánamo Bay 644 and Cuba 631 Summary 645 The Spanish-American War and the Debate over Empire 634 Suggestions for Further Reading 645 23 Americans in the Great War, 1914–1920 646 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Precarious Neutrality 649 Red Scare, Red Summer 666 The Decision for War 652 The Defeat of Peace 669 Winning the War 654 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Freedom of Speech and the ACLU 674 Links to the World: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 660 Summary 675 Mobilizing the Home Front 661 Suggestions for Further Reading 675 Civil Liberties Under Challenge 665 24 The New Era, 1920–1929 676 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Big Business Triumphant 679 Cultural Currents 699 Politics and Government 680 The Election of 1928 and the End of the New Era 700 A Consumer Society 682 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Cities, Migrants, and Suburbs 685 Intercollegiate Athletics 704 Links to the World: Pan American Airways 687 Summary 705 New Rhythms of Everyday Life 689 Suggestions for Further Reading 705 Lines of Defense 693 The Age of Play 696