A EOPLE AND A ATION This page intentionally left blank Publisher:Charles Hartford Editor-in-Chief:Jean Woy Senior Sponsoring Editor:Sally Constable Development Editor:Anne Hofstra Grogg Editorial Assistant:Kisha Mitchell Senior Project Editor:Bob Greiner Editorial Assistant:Trinity Peacock-Broyles Senior Production/Design Coordinator:Carol Merrigan Senior Designer:Henry Rachlin Senior Manufacturing Coordinator:Marie Barnes Senior Marketing Manager:Sandra McGuire Picture research by Pembroke Herbert and Sandi Rygiel, Picture Research Consultants & Archives. Cover painting: Mrs. Nancy Lawsonby William Matthew Prior, 1843. Courtesy of the Shelburne Museum, Shelburne, VT. Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2003110158 ISBN: 0-618-39176-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-DOW-08 07 06 05 04 A EOPLE AND A ATION A History of the United States Seventh Edition Volume One: To 1877 Mary Beth Norton Cornell University David M. Katzman University of Kansas David W. Blight Yale University Howard P. Chudacoff Brown University Fredrik Logevall University of California, Santa Barbara Beth Bailey University of New Mexico Thomas G. Paterson University of Connecticut William M. Tuttle, Jr. University of Kansas Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York B C RIEF ONTENTS SPECIALFEATURES xiii PREFACE xvii THEAUTHORS xxiii 1 THREE OLD WORLDS CREATE A NEW, 10 NATIONALISM, EXPANSION, AND THE 1492–1600 3 MARKET ECONOMY, 1816–1845 239 2 EUROPEANS COLONIZE NORTH 11 REFORM AND POLITICS IN THE AGE OF AMERICA, 1600–1640 33 JACKSON, 1824–1845 271 3 NORTH AMERICA IN THE ATLANTIC 12 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES IN THE WORLD, 1640–1720 59 NORTH AND WEST, 1830–1860 297 4 AMERICAN SOCIETY TRANSFORMED, 13 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES IN A SLAVE 1720–1770 87 SOCIETY: THE SOUTH, 1830–1860 325 5 SEVERING THE BONDS OF EMPIRE, 14 SLAVERY AND AMERICA’S FUTURE: THE 1754–1774 115 ROAD TO WAR, 1845–1861 353 6 A REVOLUTION, INDEED, 15 TRANSFORMING FIRE: THE CIVIL WAR, 1774–1783 141 1861–1865 381 7 FORGING A NATIONAL REPUBLIC, 16 RECONSTRUCTION: AN UNFINISHED 1776–1789 165 REVOLUTION, 1865–1877 419 8 THE EARLY REPUBLIC: CONFLICTS AT APPENDIX A-1 HOME AND ABROAD, 1789–1800 193 INDEX I-1 9 PARTISAN POLITICS AND WAR: THE DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS IN POWER, 1801–1815 215 vv This page intentionally left blank C ONTENTS SPECIALFEATURES xiii MAPS xiii FIGURES xiv TABLES xiv LINKSTOTHEWORLD xv LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION xvi PREFACE xvii THEAUTHORS xxiii T E 1 2 hree Old Worlds Create a New, uropeans Colonize North 1492–1600 3 America, 1600–1640 33 American Societies 5 New Spain, New France, and New Netherland 35 North America in 1492 7 The Caribbean 38 African Societies 10 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Wampum 39 European Societies 13 English Interest in Colonization 41 Early European Explorations 16 The Founding of Virginia 43 The Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Their Life in the Chesapeake 46 Successors 19 The Founding of New England 48 Spanish Exploration and Conquest 22 Life in New England 54 The Columbian Exchange 24 Summary 56 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Maize 25 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:The Foxwoods Casino Europeans in North America 28 and the Mashantucket Pequot Museum 57 Summary 30 N LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:Columbus Day 31 3 orth America in the Atlantic World, 1640–1720 59 The Growth of Anglo-American Settlements 61 A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s 67 African Slavery on the Mainland 71 The Web of Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade 73 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:International Piracy 75 Enslavement of Africans and Indians 78 Imperial Reorganization and the Witchcraft Crisis 81 Summary 84 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:Americans of African Descent 85 vii viii Contents A F 4 7 merican Society Transformed, orging a National Republic, 1720–1770 87 1776–1789 165 Population Growth and Ethnic Diversity 89 Creating a Virtuous Republic 167 Economic Growth and Development 94 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Novels 169 Colonial Cultures 99 The First Emancipation and the Growth of LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Exotic Beverages 103 Racism 171 Colonial Families 105 Designing Republican Governments 174 Politics: Stability and Crisis in British America 108 Trials of the Confederation 177 A Crisis in Religion 110 Order and Disorder in the West 179 Summary 112 From Crisis to the Constitution 182 Opposition and Ratification 187 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION: “Self-Made Men” 112 Summary 189 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION: S Women’s Education 190 5 evering the Bonds of Empire, T 1754–1774 115 8 he Early Republic: Conflicts at Renewed Warfare Among Europeans and Indians 117 Home and Abroad, 1789–1800 193 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:The First Worldwide War 121 Building a Workable Government 195 1763: A Turning Point 123 Domestic Policy Under Washington and The Stamp Act Crisis 125 Hamilton 196 Resistance to the Townshend Acts 130 The French Revolution and the Development of Confrontations in Boston 133 Partisan Politics 201 Tea and Turmoil 136 Partisan Politics and Relations with Great Britain 203 Summary 138 John Adams and Political Dissent 206 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:The Census and Indians and African Americans at the End of the Reapportionment 138 Century 208 A LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Haitian Refugees 209 6 Summary 212 Revolution, Indeed, 1774–1783 141 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:Dissent During Wartime 213 Government by Congress and Committee 143 Contest in the Backcountry 145 Choosing Sides 146 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:New Nations 149 War and Independence 150 The Struggle in the North 154 Life in the Army and on the Home Front 157 Victory in the South 159 Summary 162 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION: Revolutionary Origins 163 Contents ix P R 9 11 artisan Politics and War: The eform and Politics in the Age of Democratic-Republicans in Power, Jackson, 1824–1845 271 1801–1815 215 From Revival to Reform 273 The Jefferson Presidency and Marshall Court 217 Abolitionism and the Women’s Movement 277 Louisiana and Lewis and Clark 220 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:The International Antislavery A New Political Culture 222 Movement 279 Indian Resistance 225 Jacksonianism and Party Politics 282 American Shipping Imperiled 226 Federalism at Issue: The Nullification and Bank LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Industrial Piracy 229 Controversies 285 The Whig Challenge and the Second Party System 287 “Mr. Madison’s War” 230 Manifest Destiny and Expansionism 290 Peace and Consequences 235 Summary 294 Summary 236 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:The Bible Belt 294 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:States’ Rights and Nullification 237 P 12 N eople and Communities in the 10 ationalism, Expansion, and the North and West, 1830–1860 297 Market Economy, 1816–1845 239 Country Life 299 Postwar Nationalism 241 The West 302 The Market Economy and Government’s Role 245 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:Gold in California 303 Transportation Links 249 City Life 304 LINKSTOTHEWORLD:The United States as a Extremes of Wealth 310 Developing Nation 250 Family Life 312 Commercial Farming 252 Immigrant Lives in America 314 The Rise of Manufacturing and Commerce 254 Free People of Color 319 Workers and the Workplace 258 Summary 322 Americans on the Move 261 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION:White Fascination with American Indian Resistance and Removal 263 and Appropriation of Black Culture 322 Summary 268 LEGACYFORAPEOPLEANDANATION: A Mixed Economy 269