www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm CaldaPsiual i3d0o(-1B).: 1&8 9A-1n9d5ra. d2e0-0C8. A NEW SPECIES OF FORSTERINARIA GRAY, 1973 (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE) FROM THE SERRANÍA DEL PERIJÁ, CESAR, COLOMBIA Una nueva especie de Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) de la Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia HANNIER W. PULIDO-B. M. GONZALO ANDRADE-C. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. [email protected];[email protected] ABSTRACT A new species of butterfly from the Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia, is described herein. A mountain system where the principal characteristic of the high altitude lands is the biogeographic isolation from other Andean mountain systems such as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Sierra de Mérida in Venezuela. This new species is close to Forsterinaria punctata, but shows clear differences in the wing pattern coloration and the male genitalia morphology. Key words. Butterflies, Satyrinae, Forsterinaria, new species, Serranía del Perijá, Colombia RESUMEN Se describe una especie nueva de mariposa para la Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia, un sistema montañoso cuyas partes altas presentan características de aislamiento biogeográfico con respecto al resto de los Andes y otros sistemas como la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y la Sierra de Mérida en Venezuela. La especie nueva es cercana a Forsterinaria punctata, pero se diferencia claramente en el patrón de manchas y en la morfología de los genitales. Palabras clave. Mariposas, Satyrinae, Forsterinaria, especie nueva, Serranía del Perijá, Colombia. INTRODUCTION the border between Venezuela and Colombia. The Serranía del Perijá is an isolated narrow The Serranía del Perijá, Colombia, is the mountain chain from the rest of the Andes northern portion of the Andes and the Eastern and other mountains like the Sierra Nevada Cordillera. It is located between Cesar and La de Santa Marta in Colombia, and the Sierra Guajira, between 09º58’ north 73º03’ west de Mérida in Venezuela. The paramo region and 10º15’ north 72º57’west.The Serranía and the high Andean forests of the Serranía shows an altitudinal range from 150 m in del Perijá are unique areas in respect of the the Guatapurí river Valley to 3700 m in high level of butterfly endemism (Adams & the Cerro del Avión in Manaure Balcón del Bernard 1979). The floristic composition of Cesar (Cesar). This area constitutes part of Hesperomeles ferruginea forests in the high 189 A new species of Forsterinaria elevation Andean range shows exclusive Euptychiina are medium – sized butterflies species such as Begonia corneta, Asplenium with wide distributions in the Neotropics, cuspidatum, Clusia cf. Multiflora, Weinmannia occurring from the United States to Argentina rollottii y Cybianthus tamanus. This flora, and (Peña & Lamas 2005; Murray & Pashley the bamboo vegetation of Chusquea tessellata, 2005). Although eptychiines are common in is currently threatened, especially in the 2800 lowlands, it is possible to find some species – 3000 m altitudinal range. The main threat in Andean forests. For example, species in factor is deforestation for farming and illicit the genus Forsterinaria can fly at 2600 m in crops. This situation has caused conditions habitats where plants of the genus Chusquea for the establishment of vegetation mosaics of occur, the probable hostplants of the larvae Andean region elements and paramo (Rangel (Peña & Lamas 2005). & Arellano-P 2007). MATERIALS AND METHODS These problems, in combination with construction of roads for colonization and The specimens were collected using a butterfly exploitation of the natural resources of the net and Van Somery Rydon traps with rotten Serranía, are the main causes of habitat fish bait. We visited Manaure Balcón del Cesar fragmentation and deforestation, causing (Cesar, Colombia) in the Vereda El Cinco biodiversity loss. and the paramo de Sabana Rubia twice (10º 21’46.4’’N; 72º56’56.9’’W), first in January The Serranía del Perijá is a region where and then in February of 2007 in a 2550 – 2700 craggy mountain peaks are very common. m altitudinal range. This feature of the landscape is the result of the accretion under unstable geological In the paramo of Sabana Rubia and El Cinco, conditions (glacial periods, and tectonic that correspond to the type locality, the mass movement). Its lithology is based in the total annual precipitation is near 1247 mm upper Tertiary complex sediments formed by and in April and June occurs the maximum sandstome, except in the “Cerro del Pintao” in rains, conferring a general appearance of a La Guajira, which is a Cretaceous limestone semihumid landscape. This physical factors tableland (Viloria 1991). promote the establishment in the type locality of habitats with chuscales and frailejonales, Within the diurnal Lepidoptera, the Satyrinae with open areas upper 3000m. and a dense is one of the most diverse groups, with a higher Andean forest below 3000m. (Fig. 1) cosmopolitan distribution and nearly 2400 (Arellano et al. 2007), In the paramo, and in species occurring in every continent of the the transition to the forest, the typical species world, except in the Antarctica (Ackery are Chusquea tessellate, Hypericum strictum, et al. 1999). In the Andes, specially in Calamagrostis intermedia and Espeletia forested environments of the high mountains, perijaensis. This vegetation results in a typical the Satyrinae is one of the few groups of physiognomy of herbaceous communities butterflies inhabiting these altitudes (Adams (Rangel & Arellano 2007). 1985; Pyrcz & Wojtusiak 2002). Seven male specimens were collected and Within the Satyrinae, the genus Fosterinaria morphological characters were compared with Gray, 1973 is placed in the subtribe a recent revision of the group (Peña & Lamas Euptychiina, one of the most diverse butterfly 2005). The male genitalia were extracted linages in the Neotropics with more that using hot KOH 10% during 10 minutes. 300 species (Murray & Pashley 2005). The Genitalia were observed using a Zeiss Stemi 190 Pulido-B. & Andrade-C. 2000-C stereoscope and conserved in vials The following abbreviations are used with alcohol and glycerin. Photographs from throughout the text: the extracted aedeagus were taken in lateral and dorsal view using a digital Nikon Coolpix FW: Forewing 8700 camera. We used AxioVision 3.1 for the DFW: Dorsal forewing measurement of genitalia and Photoshop CS2 VFW: Ventral forewing to compose the pictures. HW: Hindwing DHW: Dorsal hindwing Genitalia terminology follows Klots (1970) VHW: Ventral hindwing and Peña & Lamas (2005), from which the Gen.: Genitalia terminology of the genitalic characters (Fig. 2) ICN-MHN-L: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, and wing lines and dots (Fig. 3) is taken. Wing Colección de Lepidoptera, Universidad vein terminology follows Miller (1970). Nacional de Colombia Color descriptions follow Ridgway (1912). Figure 1. Vegetation types where Forsterinaria anachoreta inhabits. A) Páramo, B) High Andean Forest. 191 A new species of Forsterinaria Figure 2. Nomenclature of a Forsterinaria anachoreta genitalia. A) Dorsal view, B) Lateral view. Ae: aedeago; ad: distal opening of aedeagus; ap: proximal opening of aedeago; pa: distal process of valva; pd: dorsal process of valva; sa: saccus; Gn: gnathos; T: tegumen; U: uncus; V: valva; Vi: vinculum. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Forsterinaria anachoreta Pulido & Andrade, sp. nov. (Fig. 4-5) HOLOTYPE: Male, COLOMBIA, Cesar, Manaure Balcón del Cesar, Vereda El Cinco, 10º21’46,4’’ north, 72º56’58,9’’ west, 2650 m, 27 Feb. 2007, H. Pulido-B. Leg., HP 0954, Gen No. 1043, ICN-MHN- L 20246. PARATYPES: Male, COLOMBIA, Cesar, Manaure Balcón del Cesar, Vereda El Cinco, 10º21’46,4’’ north, 72º56’58,9’’ west, 25 Feb. 2007, 2550 m H. Pulido-B. Leg., HP 1127, Gen. No. 10445, ICN-MHN-L 20231; male, HP 0951, Gen No. 1044, ICN-MHN-L 20242; male, 28 Feb. 2007, 2700 m, H. Pulido-B. Leg., HP 983, Gen. No. 1047, ICN-MHN-L 20244; male, HP 0995, ICN-MHN-L 20863; male HP 1004, Gen. No. 1046, ICN-MHN-L 20245; male, HP 1002, ICN-MHN-L 20864. Diagnosis: FW length: 22,3 – 24,4 mm (n = 7). Separated from Forsterinaria punctata Figure 3. Elements of the Forsteriaria ana- Peña & Lamas, 2005because the submarginal choreta lines and ocelli pattern. a: discal line; line in the VHW F. anachoreta is regular and b: postdiscal line; c: submarginal ocelli; d: ends in the cell Cu-2A. The uncus, in the male 2 submarginal line; e: marginal line. genitalia of F. anachoreta is thinner, the dorsal 192 Pulido-B. & Andrade-C. process is proximal and shows three small Description: Male, FW length: 22,6 mm. teeth between the dorsal process and the distal Head: labial palpi with long scales (2,4 mm), end. The aedeagus can be folded on itself in which is twice the eye length (1,29 mm); the distal end in some individuals. antenna sepia which total length is half of the costal vein length. Thorax: Color sepia. Abdomen: Color sepia. Genitalia (Fig. 5): Uncus (0,81 mm) twice the total length of the tegumen (0,49 mm), curved ventrally and distal end is like a hook; gnathos very reduced; valva dorsal process is rounded and located at the base, three little sharp teeth are in the inner margin of the valva (Fig. 5C), aedeagus tubular (1,68 mm) (Fig. 5B) with no torsion and no constriction. The scales in distal margin of both wings are jutted out like cilia. Forewing (FW): DFW color sepia with filiform scales in the basal area longer than those of the remainder of wing. VFW color Figure 4. Male adult of Forsterinaria ana- sepia from basal area to submedial area and choreta sp. nov. (Holotype). A) Dorsal View; color raw umber in the remainder of wing; a B) Ventral View. slight and diffuse discal line fuscous black is present, postdiscal line fuscous black, better defined and irregular from vein R to vein 4 M ; submarginal line fuscous black with a 3 regular undulated pattern from vein R to the 4 cell Cu-2A; the marginal line fuscous black is 2 present from costal margin to the cell Cu–2A; 2 with three submarginal white ocelli, largest in cell R-M, the smallest in cell M-M, and, 5 1 1 2 a medium-sized in cell M -M . Hindwing 2 3 (HW): DHW sepia with filiform scales in the basal area longer than those of the remainder of wing. VHW sepia from basal area to submedial area and color raw umber in the remainder of wing; discal line from Sc+R to 1 the inner margin; postdiscal line with a regular undulated pattern from Rs to the cell Cu-2A; 2 submarginal line and marginal line with the same pattern from Rs to the cell Cu-2A; five 2 white ocelli in cells Rs-M M–M, M–M, 1, 1 2 2 3 M–Cu, Cu–Cu, respectively. 3 1 1 2 Figure 5. Male genitalia of Forsterinaria Female: Unknown. anachoreta. A) Lateral view of tegumen, saccus, uncus, valva and vinculum, B) Lat- Etymology: The specific epithet is derived eral and dorsal view of aedeagus, C) Dorsal from the medieval latin “Ănăchōrēta”, which view of tegumen, saccus, uncus, valva and means living in a solitary place. The new vinculum. species is named anachoreta in reference to 193 A new species of Forsterinaria its isolation in the high-Andean forests of the developed and extends from costal margin Colombian Serranía del Perijá. to near the inner margin. In F. anachoreta genitalia, the uncus is narrower in lateral Distribution and ecology: This species is view (0.09 mm) (Fig. 5A) and the dorsal only known from the type locality, Manaure process is less proximal than in F. punctata; Balcón del Cesar in Cesar, Colombia. It flies F. anachoreta shows three small sharp teeth between 2550 – 2700 m of altitude. The between the dorsal process and the distal species is found in the non-deforested high end in the inner margin of the valva, absent – Andean forests. in F. punctata. Discussion: The new species is described Forsterinaria anachoreta is superficially into the genus Forsterinaria because shows very similar to F. punctata and this might several synapomorphies that define the cause one to think it is best to describe genus: on ventral surface, both wings present the new taxon as a subspecies. However, undulated dark brown lines, present a discal, proposing and recognizing subspecies postdiscal submarginal and marginal lines requires evidence of gene flow among the and submarginal ocelli (Peña & Lamas 2005), putative races and not a subjective view and it differs from the most closely species of that considers the observed differences are the genus Guaianaza in the elongated valva less than of “species” value. Pertinent to our shape, its bigger size and the ocelli presented proposal that F. anachoreta and F. punctata in the HW underside of Forsterinaria are are different species are the following two simple white dots, while in Guaianaza these facts: (1) there is not detected variation in ocelli are light brown with a white dot in the either character used here (color pattern on center (Freitas & Peña 2006). the VFW and form of the uncus in our sample of F. anachoreta) and (2) the characters states The discal, postdiscal, submarginal and used here are not shared by F. anachoreta marginal lines, and submarginal ocelli in and F. punctata. VFW and VHW of F. anachoreta, are similar to F. punctata, but these can be distinguished ACKNOWLEDGMENTS from F. anachoreta because in VFW the postdiscal line is present from vein R to We are very grateful to Orlando Rangel, 4 vein M , whereas in F. punctata this line Biodiversity and Conservation Group 3 is present from the costal margin to vein Coordinator in the “Instituto de Ciencias M ; in F. anachoreta the submarginal line Naturales” of the Universidad Nacional de 3 has a regular undulated pattern, while in F. Colombia, and with “Corporación Autónoma punctata there is a slightly undulated pattern. Regional del Cesar CORPOCESAR” for In F. anachoreta, the VHW discal line goes funding the Project “Estado actual del Páramo from Sc+R to the cell Cu -2A, while in F. y Plan de Manejo Integral”. To Gerardo Lamas 1 2 punctata it reaches the inner margin. In F. and Carlos Peña for comments about the anachoreta, the VHW postdiscal line has confirmation of this new taxon and to John D. a regular undulated pattern from vein Rs Lynch for the discussion concerning species to the cell Cu -2A, and is present from the and subspecies. To Luis A. González and Lina 2 costal margin to near the inner margin; the R. Campos for mounting the specimens and/or submarginal line has a regular undulated discussion on the final text. To the TABDP pattern from vein Rs to the cell Cu -2A, Project by providing the photographic camera 2 while in F. punctata the same line shows a for taking the pictures of the specimens and zig-zag pattern, with segment M y M more genitalia. 2 3 194 Pulido-B. & Andrade-C. LITERATURE CITED MILLER, L.D. 1970. Nomenclature of wing veins and cells. Journal of Research on the ACKERY, P.R., R. DE JONG, & R.I. VANE- Lepidoptera 8(2):37-48. WRIGHT. 1999. The butterflies: Hedyloidea, MURRAY, D. & D.P. PASHLEY. 2005. Molecular Hesperoidea and Papilionoidea. pp. 263- phylogenetics and evolutionary history 300. In: Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera: of the neotropical Satyrinae Subtribe Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Systematics and Biogeography. Handbook Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34 of Zoology, vol. IV. Walter de Gruyter, 67-80. Berlin. Part 35. PEÑA, C. & G. LAMAS. 2005. Revision of the ADAMS, M.J. & G.I. BERNARD. 1979. butterfly genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). the Serranía de Valledupar, Colombia- Rev. Peru. Biol. 12: 5-48 Venezuela border. Syst. Ent. 4:95-118. PYRCZ, T.W. & J. WOJTUSIAK. 2002. The ADAMS, M. J. 1985. Speciation in the vertical distribution of pronophiline pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of butterflies (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) along the northern Andes. J. Res. Lepid. Suppl. an elevational transect in Monte Zerpe 1:33–49. (Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela) with ARELLANO-P, H. J.O. RANGEL-CH., GARCÍA- remarks on their diversity and parapatric M., A.M. 2007. Clima y Topoclima.. En: distribution. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 11: J.O. Rangel-Ch (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad 211–221. Biótica V. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales RANGEL-CH., J.O. & H. ARELLANO-P. 2007. La – Corpocesar. 19-41 pp. Bogotá D.C. Vegetación de la alta montaña de Perijá. En: FREITAS, A.V.L & C. PEÑA, 2006. Description J.O. Rangel-Ch (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad of genus Guaianaza for “Euptychia” Biótica V. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales pronophila (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): Are – Corpocesar. 163-189 pp. Bogotá D.C. they consistently moving up in the world? RIDGWAY, R. 1912. Color standards and Proc. R. Soc. B 272: 2457 – 2466. nomenclature. Published by the author, KLOTS, A.B. 1970. Lepidoptera. pp. 115-130. Washington, D.C., pp. 52 plates. In: Tuxen S.L (ed.). Taxonomist’s Glossary VILORIA, A.L. 1991. Los páramos de Perijá. of Genitalia in Insects. Ed. 2. Copenhagen, Natura 93:25-29. Munksgaard. LAMAS, G (Ed). 2004. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Association Recibido: 31/10/2007 for tropical Lepidoptera, Florida 439 p. Aceptado: 03/04/2008 195 A new species of Forsterinaria 196