ANEW GENUS OF GRASS CICADAS (HEMIPTERA: CICADOIDEA: CICADIDAE) FROM QUEENSLAND, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR SONGS A. EWART AND DIANA MARQUES Ewart, A. & Marques, D. 2008 04 30: A new genus of grass cicadas (Hemiplera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae) from Queensland, with descriptions of their songs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52(2): 149-202. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Five species of small (<I5 mm total length) grass cicadas are described in Graminitigrina gen. nov., of the subfamily Cicadetlinae, Tribe Cicadeltini. Three species occur in northern Queensland, two of which, G. karumbae sp. nov. and G. howensis sp. nov., have distributions spanning linear distances of approximately 655 and 830km respectively. The third, G. triodiae sp. nov., is restricted to the Burra Range within White Mountains National Park. Two species, G. holloni sp. nov. and G. carnatTonensis sp. nov., occur in southern to central Queensland; G. carnarvonensis restricted to the Mount Moffatt- Chesterton Range region of Carnarvon National Park, and G. holloni w'ithin the area between Bollon, 60km north of St George, to near Jericho, spanning a linear distance of approximately 505km. The calling songs of each species are shown to be distinct, and constitute valuable taxonomic characters. Additional song types recognised and documented are: the ‘alarm (stress) song’, the ‘short song’ (both types recorded from G. bowensis) and the ‘ratchet song’, this common to four of the species described here. The calling song of G. bowensis is shown to vary in some temporal characteristics over at least part of its known distribution. (cid:9633) Cicadas, calling songs, chirping songs, Queensland, song analyses, taxonomy. A. Ewart, D. Marques, Entomology Section, Queensland Museum. South Brisbane 4J0I. Australia (email: [email protected]): Diana Matyues, Centm de Biologia Amhiental <& Departamento de Biologia Animal. Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa, Campo Grande. Portugal: I July 2007. This work results from ongoing systematic Natural History Museum, London; JM, private collecting of cicadas throughout Queensland. collection of J. Moss, Brisbane; KLD, private Such surveys continue to uncover previously collection of K. L. Dunn, Canberra; LWP, private undescribed smaller cicadas occurring in a collection of L.W. Popple, Brisbane; MSM, wide range of woodland and grassland habitats private collection of M.S. Moulds, Kuranda; (e.g. Ewart, 2005). An important adjunct of the QM, Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Collectors collection of specimens is the aural recording of and general. NP, National Park; Rd, Road; Rec, their songs, which are valuable taxonomic tools recorded (= aural/electronic song recording); (e.g. Young, 1972; Ewart, 1988, 1989,1998,2005; sp, species; spec and Spm, specimen; CB, C.J. Ewart & Popple, 2001; Popple, 2003; Simaes et Burwell; AE, A. Ewart; BJM, B.J. Moulds; MSM, al., 2000; Sueur, 2002; Pinto-Junia et al., 2005; M.S. Moulds; LWP, L.W. Popple. Morphological. Quartau & SimScs, 2006; Seabra et al., 2006). In BL, total body length; FWL, fore wing length; HW, the field, calling songs provide an elTicient means head width; PW, pronotum width; AW, abdomen for identifying known species, and recognition of width; FWL/BR, fore wing length/breadth ratio. new species and species complexes. This paper describes five new and very distinctive species MATERIALS AND METHODS that are confined to rough grassland, low heath and spinifex, commonly associated with open forest, Anatomical terminology follows Moulds and which belong to a new genus. The distances (2003, 2005) for general body shape and wing over which the two most northern species have characters, Dugdale (1972) and Moulds (2005) been collected, and aurally recorded, provide useful for genitalia, de Boer (1999) for opercula, and data in evaluating possible regional variation in Simmons and Young (1978), Dugdale (1972) morphology and song characteristics. and Bennet-Clark (1977) for timbals. The ABBREVIATIONS. Institutions. ANIC, Australian timbal long ribs are referred to sequentially as National Insect Collection, Canberra; AE, private ribs numbered 1 to 5, with rib 1 being the most collection of A. Ewart, Caloundra; BMNH, the posterior (adjacent to timbal plate). The higher 150 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM TABLE 1. Comparison of selected morphological characters, with specific reference to males, of genera most similar to Graminitigrina Genera GraminUigrina Pauropsalta Cicadetia celis+ Urabunana Pauropsalta Pauropsalta eyrei+ (Type sp. new genus) marshalli* hasalis+ (Type sp. new genus) (Type sp. new genus) (Type sp. new genus) Total body length 10.7-15.0 11.7-24 12.5-26 9.0-16 10.7-12.4 13.2-23.4 1 (mm) (<? and $) Abdomen: 1 (i) General shape Slightly to distinctly Gently tapered Gently tapered Slightly bulbous Relatively even Relatively gentle ; (dorsal view) bulbous (anteriorly) dislally* distally from between tergites 2 from tergites 2 narrowing between tergites 2 to 8* to 4 (or 5), tapering to 6, tapering in tergites 2 to 6 (or 7), rapidly thereafter* rounded outline thereafter narrowing rapidly thereafter rapidly, especially at tergite 8. (ii) Lateral width Slightly wider Similar width Slightly narrower Approximately equal Slightly wider Similar width 1 of tergite 3 (most common) in width* 1 relative to between to nearly equal auditory capsules (iii) Colour Yellow, pale Predominantly Orange, yellow- Variable; pale brown, Predominantly Pale brown to yellow brown, black ± reddish- brown. pale to orange yellow, green; pale brown to orange, yellow- reddish brown with brown to yellow* medium brown black dorsal fascia reddish brown* orange; pale green conspicuous dorsal brown along tergite in non-black species black fascia posterior margins* (iv) Width across > than pronotum Similar to. or slightly Similar to, or slightly > than pronotum > than pronotum Approximately auditory capsules > than pronotum wider than pronotum equal* relative to lateral pronotal margins 1 Head: (i) Width (including Similar width Similar to, or slightly Slightly wider Maybe both < or > > pronotum* > pronotum* eyes) relative to wider than pronotum than pronotum* than pronotum width lateral pronotal margins (ii) Rostrum Extend to posterior To mid coxae or just Extend to hind Just beyond mid to Reaches almost Reaches to base length(relative maigin of mid coxae beyond mid coxae coxae* near hind coxae* to hind coxae* of mid coxae to coxae) Hind wings: (i) Number of 5 (less commonly 4) S (less commonly 6) 6 (rarely 5)* 4 to 6 (variable), 5 6* apical cells 5 most common (ii) Infuscations Weak within area of Small, distinct at None* None* Weak adjacent to Absent to extremely (brown) plaga (in anal lobe) distal end of vein di.stal end of vein faint adjacent to 2A extending to 2A, extending cither distal termination wing maigin* side along anal lobe of vein 2A and margin, also in plaga adjacent margins (iii) Size of anal Markedly wider Much wider than Wider than cubital Similar in breadth, Much wider than Much wider than lobe relative to than cubital cell 1 cubital cell 1 cell 1, but not or slightly broader cubital cell 1 cubital cell 1 cubital cell I markedly so* than cubital cell 1 * Opercula: (i) General shape Rounded along Somewhat elongated, Somewhat elongated Broad and rounded Broad, strongly Relatively elongated and curvature distal to medial terminally rounded, and sickle-shaped, along medial to inclined inwards and curved along inwards towards margin; tends to inclined inwards to markedly curved distal margins* towards midline; distal to medial abdominal midline be elongated, and abdominal midlinc inwards to midline moderately acutely margins towards inward-ly curved distally; markedly rounded distally* midlinc; narrowed towards midline undulated* rounded termination* 1 Timbals: (i) Fusion of long 1 to 3 most common 0 to 4 (most 1 10 2 nearly fused, 1 to 3 fused Not fused* I to 2 fused ribs ventrally (I to 4 less common) commonly 2 or 3) or completely fused* or unfused (rarely 1 to 3) (ii) Fusion of long 1 to 3 fused Usually 1 to 4 (rarely 1 to 4 (used* 1 to 3 always 1 to 3 fused 1 to 4 fused* ribs to basal spur 1 to 2 or 3) fused fused; 4 also commonly fused A NEW GENUS OF GRASS CICADAS 151 Table 1 continued... Genera Graminitigrina Pauropsaha Cicadetta cells Urabunana Pauropsaha Pauropsaha eyrei+ (Type sp. new genus) marshalli+ basal is+ (Type sp. new genus) (Type sp. new genus) (Type sp. new genus) Genitalia: Robust; sharp, Well developed, Robust; in ventral Very robust, Relatively small, Somewhat robust, (i) Claspers pointed hooked robust, terminally view tapering protruding in lateral only just visible small hooked terminations; not hooked processes; to a blunt point, view; terminally in lateral view, claspers, not clearly clearly exposed not always visible apically wide part, hooked* hooked terminally* exposed outside outside pygofer outside pygofer basally adjacent pygofer lateral view in lateral view in lateral view (ii) Upper Enlarged extended Upper lobes Significantly Conspicuous, Bifurcate, extended Extended into pygofer lobes posteriorly enlarged, undivided, elongated laterally rounded, not ventrally, the lower blinker- like beyond pygofer; and flat along pygofer, as markedly extended* part tooth-like and processes with terminations tend flnger-like (flattened sharply pointed* flattened termination to curve dorsally or cylindrical) in lateral view processes, rounded terminally* (iii) Lower Clearly developed, Clearly developed Robust, elongated Clearly visible in Present; but subdued Conspicuous, pygofer lobes rounded in lateral along pygofer lateral view, smaller in lateral view, acutely to sharply view, with inward margin, rounded than upper lobes* gently curved* tapering and pointing flat on outer margins, posteriorly pointing. triangular extensions concave on inner margins; clearly separated from upper lobes* (iv)Inner Prominent, Distinctly developed Not clearly Clearly developed, Sttongly developed, Slightly to pygofer lobes somewhat rounded developed in broadly rounded, acutely tapering, conspicuously and bulbous lateral view* visible In declivious, bulbous and raised lateral view posteriorly inclined* in lateral view (v) Dorsal beak Inconspicuous Acute, prominent, Prominent, acute, Very strongly Strongly developed, Prominent, pointed apically* pointed apically* developed, curved downward curving sharply pointed, in lateral view* in lateral view, slightly curved in sharply pointed* lateral view* (vi) Aedeagus, Long sclerotised Long sclerotised Theca recurved Endotheca broad Endotheca gently Gently curved endotheca endotheca, curved endotheca, often distally into an tube-like, straight to curved* endotheca, (to broad U-shape apically ornamented* exaggerated very gently curved apically enlarged in some species), U-shape* in lateral view; no and ornamented ornamented apically ventral support* with a collar-like process and/or .simple spines* (vii) Inconspicuous Usually prominent, Slender, delicate and Short and very Curved, apically Dorsal, similar or Pseudoparameres to absent joined to endotheca long; aligned broadly broad in lateral tapering, attached shorter in length to near base, often with aedeagus* view; joined to apex dorsally and sloping endotlieca; joining extending apically of endotheca* ventrally across endotheca near basal beyond endotheca* endotheca; longer plate, bifurcate and than endotheca* outward curving; distally tapering, acutely pointed* Habitat: Grassland, low Open woodland; Open woodland, Grassland, open Low open woodland, Open woodland, heathland, usually inhabiting low to especially in and within open shrubland, rough including urban* associated with high branches* canopy* woodland grassland open woodland These represent the type species of new genera proposed by M.S. Moulds (in prep, 2008). *Charactcr5 that differ from those of Graminitigrina 152 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM classification adopted in this paper follows Moulds All computer analyses were performed by (2005). initial digitising through 16-Bit Terratcc or SB Audigy 2ZS sound cards at 44.1 kHz sampling Measurements (in mm) are given as ranges frequency, followed by processing with Avisoft and means (in parentheses). The head width is SAS Lab Pro 4 software. Reverberation effects taken across the outer margins of the compound in container recordings have been recognised eyes; the pronotum width is the ma,\imum width for some sharp pulses at time scales of <lms, across the lateral margins; the abdomen width is causing some broadening of the pulses. An measured across the auditory capsules. Fore additional effect seen in some container wing length/breadth ratios are based on ma\imum recordings is the enhanced splitting of the lengths and breadths. dominant frequency peaks of the amplitude (and power) spectra into distinct frequency bands. As SONG RECORDINGS AND ANALYSES. this is also evident in some field recordings, it A number of recordings were made of single is considered to be a real characteristic of some insects placed within plastic containers, 16.5 songs. This elTect does, however, appear to be X 16.5 X 9.5cm in size, in which were inserted enhanced in container recordings, although not small quantities of the grasses on which affecting the dominant frequency measurements the inserts were captured. A fine white cloth (see below). Amplitude spectra were produced covering was placed o\ er the top of the boxes, using a 556-point Fast Fourier Transfonn with with strong artificial lighting (not fluorescence) Hamming window. immediately above. The lighting provided The amplitude/power spectra of Graminitigrina additional heat, and calling songs were usually cicada songs, as in other cicadettine cicadas readily induced from the insects. Temperatures (c.g. Crotopsalta, Ewart, 2005), are complex within the containers were consistently 30-35°C with multiple distinct peaks occurring within during normal summer conditions. The recording the normally well defined envelope defining the microphone (Sennheiser model K6/ME66) was dominant frequency maxima range. The individual placed immediately above the containers, and peak amplitudes (although not frequencies) within recordings mostly made with a Sony Walkman this envelope are typically variable between songs cassette recorder WM-D6C model, using metal of diflercnt insects of the same species. In order to tapes; this recorder responds to near 18 kHz, determine a more reproducible frequency maxi¬ with a linear response to at least 15 kHz. mum for each spectrum, a “dominant frequency" The primary reasons for making recordings parameter is used, this being the mean frequency within containers relates to the highly wary of the total amplitude dominant frequency envelope behaviour, aurally soft songs, and sometimes as seen in the spectra. The extent of this envelope erratic singing patterns of the described species, is shown in the amplitude spectra presented. This which make it impractical to place a microphone method allows more reproducible estimates of close enough, for long enough, to directly record dominant frequencies, and also compensates for meaningful song segments. This problem was enhanced Ifequency splitting that may accompany in part circumvented in two species by use of container recordings. In addition to dominant a parabola (Telinga model with Telinga PRO frequencies, the amplitude spectra illustrated also 5 “Classic" microphone) allowing direct list measured sideband frequencies (e.g. Bradbury field recordings, and also by use of a collapsible, and Vehrencamp, 1998). These are deri\’ed man¬ ually from frequency expanded segments of cylindrical net cage (38cm long by 30cm diameter) the spectra, using the automatic measuring hung from convenient vegetation in the field. For cursors available in the Avisoft software. Sideband G. canum'onemis, a Sony Minidisk recorder MZ- frequencies below about 300 Hz are reproducible NH900 was used in PCM recording mode using in spectra from the same species. Above this the net cage. Alarm (stress) songs of G. bowensis frequency, the measured frequencies become were recorded from two locations when the progressively less reliable due to uncertainties insects were trapped in spider webs, and also in their correct identification and significance. constrained in a net. The direct field recording of the G. bolloni calling song (at Jericho, central Following Ewart (2005), a modified termi¬ Queensland) was made by L.W. Popple using nology of Ragge and Reynolds (1998) is a Marantz PMD670 Solid State recorder in adopted for the description and analyses of the conjunction with a Telinga parabola and PRO songs. Although the Ragge-Reynolds terminology 6 microphone. was designed for orthopteran insects, there are ANEW GENUS OF GRASS CICADAS 153 FIG. 1. Graminitigrina howemis sp. nov. Dorsal view. Flagstaff Hill, Bowen. Total body length 13.7mm. sufficient similarities in song structures to and envelope plots reveal that the syllables are warrant extending the terminology to the cicada resolved into smaller (higher frequency) pulse songs described here. The term syllabic is used groupings, here termed hemisyllables. although for discrete but relatively short (<20 ms) pulse the precise resolution of these is sometimes groupings that plausibly result from a single ambiguous. The hemisyllables, with forther time buckl ing movement (in and/or out) of one timbal, expanded detail, can be resolved into even higher or both if synchronous; if the two timbals buckle frequency pulses, representing the fundamental alternately, without a time gap between, then two frequency carrier waves of the song. syllables may occur juxtaposed, as is believed to occur in clicking phases within some of the cicadas SYSTEMATICS described here. The same result may be attained, at least in principle, by a discrete inward, followed Family CICADIDAE Latreille immediately by an outward click of a timbal; where, however, a small but discrete gap does Subfamily CICADETTINAE Buckton occur in such a sequence between the syllables, Tribe Cicadettini Buckton the tenn diplosyllable is nonnally used for these syllabic pairs, flie term echcmc is applied to the Graminitigrina gen. nov. first order assemblage of syllables produced during (Table 1) continuous, repetitive buckling of the timbal pairs (i.e. >2 cycles of buckling without significant TYPE SPECIES. Graminitigrina bowensis sp. nov. pause). Where two (or sometimes more) syllables are juxtaposed, these are termed macrosyllables, INCLUDED SPECIES. G. bowensis sp. nov.; G. and are identified as echeme components in some kanmbae sp. nov.; G. boUoni sp. nov.; G. camarvonensis songs described here. Time expanded waveform sp. nov.; G. triodiae sp. nov. 154 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM FIG. 2. Graminitigrina bowensis sp. nov. Flagstaff Hill, Bowen. A, right operculum; B, lateral abdomen; C, timbal (posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top); D, fore and hind wings. Scale bars Imm, except wings (3mm). ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin gramen meaning separated from pronotum along their outer ventral grass, and tigri-n meaning tiger-like colouration. These margins; distance beUveen lateral ocelli slightly together describe the cicadas as ‘grass tigers’, referring less than, to equal to, distance between lateral to their grassy habitat and conspicuous yellow-orange ocellus and compound eyes. Rostrum extending and black dominant colouration. to posterior margins of mid coxae, but not clearly DIAGNOSIS. Very small cicadas, 10.7-15mm beyond. Fore wing hyaline, relatively short and total body length. Head and thorax predominantly broad with length/breadth ratios between 2.40- black and of similar width, except ampliated 2.68 (mean ratios for different species between (ouhvardly curved) Fateral angles of pronolal collar 2.45-2.60); fore wing similar in length to total projecting beyond outer margins of compound body length; pterostigma pale brown to pale red- eyes. Abdomen dominantly yellow/yellow-browTi/ brown; costal vein relatively even in width, with reddish to orange-brown, wiA dark brown to black minor thickening proximally and slightly more dorsal patches along tergites, which give overall pronounced thickening adjacent to node; costal appearance of a dark longitudinal fascia. Male vein very gently cur\ ed anteriorly; sclerotised area abdomen in dorsal view sliglitly bulbous anteriorly; along anterior margin of costal vein ver>' narrow width across tergite 3 subequal or slightly greater and much thinner than costal vein thickness; than width across auditory capsules; width across costal and R+Sc veins fused; CuA intersecting auditory capsules greater than (males) or similar to M well beyond basal cell so that length of first (females) width across lateral margins of pronotal section of inner margin of radial cell is one half collar. Stemites strongly convex, projecting below to equal length of second section; 3 distal vein tergites in lateral view; abdominal venter lacking a sections of M, that form inner margin of radial medial darker fascia; stemite II with small, usually cell, unequal in length; cubital and medial cells black, medial depression. Compound eyes clearly of roughly similar size; 8 (very rarely 9) apical A NEW GENUS OF GRASS CICADAS 155 FIG. 3. Graminitigrina bow’emis sp. nov. Einasleigh River crossing, 35km W. Mt Surprise. A, right operculum; B, lateral abdomen; C, timbal (posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top); D, fore and hind wings. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (3mm). cells that are approximately equal in length to which dominate pygofer between inner lobe ulnar cells (some longer, some shorter); basal (secondary basal lobe) and dorsal beak, these membrane ofl-white opaque. Hind wings hyaline nearly flat with gently undulating and concave with 5, less commonly 4, apical cells; weak brown curvature on inner faces; in lateral view, upper infuscation within anal cell 1; anal lobes markedly lobes broad, paddle-shaped, often decurved, and broader than cubital cell I. Fore femora with 3 extending to or beyond anal styles; clearly deve¬ prominent erect spines, small additional spine loped lower lobes with small inward pointing distal ly in some specimens. Opercula moderately triangular extensions; prominent rounded inner elongated roughly parallel to abdomen, more or lobes, roughly triangular in shape and visible less confluent with distal margin of tympanal in lateral view; well developed robust claspers cavity, normally very slightly overlapping distal with sharply-pointed, hooked tenninations, not tympanal margin; opercula inwardly curved always protruding outside pygofer in lateral towards abdominal midline in medial-distal area, view; dorsal beak inconspicuous; median lobe distal and medial margins of opercula broadly of uncus small, duck-bill shaped, not dominant; rounded; broad dome developed across basal theca characteristically long and sclerotised, area towards crest; inner margins of operculae curved and often terminally ornamented, protrud¬ well separated; opercula of males developed ing from pygofer; pseudoparameres small to asymmetrically around meracantha. Timbals absent; aedeagal basal plate undulated in lateral with 5 well developed long ribs, the 5th rib view, broadly Y-shaped in dorsal view, with reduced in length; ribs I to 3 fused ventrally functional membraneous ‘hinge’. and dorsally to well developed basal spur; 4 Table I provides a comparative summary of (less often 3) well developed short ribs; well developed dome on timbal plate with shallow selected morphological characters of related and nearly vertically oriented grooves centrally. genera which may be superficially confused with Pygofer with prominent, extended upper lobes Graminitigrina. 156 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM FIG. 4. Graminitigrina bowensis sp. nov. Pygofer and male genitalia, lateral (top) and ventral views (bottom). Specimens from Bowen (A, B); 58km SE Mt Surprise (C, D); Slaty Creek, S.W. Cloncurry (E, F). Length of pygofers, 3.3, 3.2 and 3.1mm, respectively. KEY TO SPECIES OF GRAMINITIGRINA (Based on males) 1. Timbal rib 5 (anterior rib) extending ventrally at least tergite 2 not entirely black.G. karumbae to dorsal end of adjacent anterior short rib, usually extending along half the length or more of short rib (Figs 3. Fore wings without obvious apical infuscation (Figs 9D, 2C, 3C, 6C, 7C); aedeagus with long theca recurved into PI. 2A); aedeagus gently curved except distal part of broad U-shape with thin sclerotised wafer-like process, theca strongly recurved, hook-like; sclerotised wafer¬ usually finely serrated, along inner curved surface; like process on theca cither absent or only developed pseudoparamcres absent (e.g. Figs 4A, 8A).2 apically...G. bolloni Timbal rib 5 not extending ventrally to dorsal end of Fore wings with weak to distinct infuscation apically adjacent anterior short rib (Figs 9C, 13C) or anterior (Figs IID, 13D, P1.2C, E); aedeagus with gently curved short rib absent (Fig. 11C); aedeagus with long, variably theca, apex not strongly recurved; apex of theca either finely serrated or with complex sclerotised ornamentation curved to recurved theca, also with thinly developed (Figs 12A, I4A)...4 wafer-like process developed along inner curved surfaces; pseudoparamcres present but sometimes small (Figs lOA, 4. Fore wings with weak brown infuscation apically, extending 12A, 14A).3 from approximately apical cell 4 (Figs. 11D, PI. 2C); 3 short timbal ribs between ribs 1 to 4 clearly developed, 2. Timbal rib 5 extending ventrally along anterior short rib no short rib anterior to long rib 4; timbal rib 4 not fused from about a half to its entire length; no ventrally located ventrally to ribs 1-3 (Fig. 11C); prominent spikes on short remnant of rib 5; rib 5 very close to, or partially meracantha (Fig. 11 A); aedeagus very gently curved in contact with dorso-anterior timbal margin (Figs 2C, and apically ornamented (Fig. 12A)G. carnarvonensis 3C); maximum width across abdominal lergite 3 slightly greater than across auditory capsules; abdominal leigite Fore wings with clearly developed apical infuscation 2 almost entirely black (Figs 2B. 3B).G. bowensis extending (more weakly) to apical cell 5 and ulnar cells I and 2 (Figs 13D, PI. 2E); timbal rib 4 fused ventrally to Timbal rib 5 extending ventrally along anterior short rib ribs 1-3; short timbal ribs between ribs I to 4 weakly to at most half its length, ofien less, but with a isolated developed; unusually large area of white rcsilin developed remnant of rib 5 located ventrally; rib 5 close to, but anteriorly to ribs 4 and 5 (Fig. I3C); meracantha spikes not in contact with dorso-anterior timbal margin (Figs short (Fig, 13A); aedeagus with more strongly curved 6C, 7C); maximum width across abdominal tergite 3 theca, apex slightly sinuous and unomamentedG. triodiae similar to width across auditory capsules; abdominal ANEW GENUS OF GRASS CICADAS 157 Graminitigrina bowensis sp. nov. (Figs 1-5, 15-24, Plate 1A-E, Table 2) MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE: <?, QMT133332, Flagstaff Hill, Bowen. NQ., 4 Mar 2003, AE, 20^00.93’S 148°I5.97’E, Photog. Spm PS1048. PARATYPES; NORTH QUEENSLAND: 2^, Flagstaff Hill, Bowen, Grass, 13.ii.l998, AE. 20°00.88’S 148'^15.96’E, Recorded; 19, same data; 1 c?, same data, 10.ii.l999, Recorded; 1$, same data; 15(J, same data, 26.ii.2000; Ic^, same data. Recorded Specimen 1; Ic?; same data. Recorded Specimen 2; Icj, Flagstaff Hill, Bowen, 7.ii.2002, 20°00.86'S 148°I5.94’E; 2c?, Flagstaff Hill, summit area, Bow'en, AE, 2.ii.2006. 20°00.93'S 148°15.97’E; 1(?, same data. Recorded (alarm call); Ic?, same data, 9.ii.2006; 1-?, E. side Einasleigh R., "-35km W. Mt Surprise, AE, 27.ii.2003, I8°l 1.15'S 144®00.77’E, Recorded; !<?. same data, 2 iii.2003. Recorded; Ic?, 39.5km WNW Greenvale, (11.9kni SE of Lynd jet., Lynd Hwy), Grass, AE, 3.iii.2003, 18®56.73’S 144®38.68’E; Ic?, Water Reserve, Croydon, NQ. Low Trees, AE, 28.i.2005, 18°1I.35'S 142°14.6rE. Recorded; I^, 40.1km SSW Mt Surprise/Lynd Hwy. Jet., NQ, Grass, AE, 3.iii.2003, 18°28.93’S 144°44.79’E; 13c?, 5?, 40.0km SSW Lynd-Mt Surprise Rd Jet., NQ, Grass, AE, 31.i.2005, I8“28.97’S 144°44.80’E; Ic?, same data, Recorded; 19. 49.4km SSW Mt Surprise/Lynd Hwy. Jet., NQ, Grass, AE, 3.iii.2003, 18°33.79’S 144°44.42’E (AE). Ic?, Flagstaff Hill. Bowen, lO.ii. 1999. AE. 20m88’S 148°I5.96’E; 19> Flagstaff Hill, summit area, Bowen, FIG. 5. Distribution records of the five described species AE, 9.ii.2006. 20°00.93’S 148‘^15.97’E (ANIC). of Graminitigrina in Queensland. !(?, Flagstaff Hill, summit area, Bowen,, AE, 9.ii.2006. 20'=’00.93’S 148°15.97’E (BMNH). Ic?, anterior margin, splaying out and fusing with Flagstaff Hill, summit area, Bowen, AE, 9.ii.2006. pale sandy-brown pronotal collar; lateral 20m93'S 148'^15.97’E; I id', 139, Slaty Creek, S. angles of pronotal collar markedly ampliate, ofCloncurrv,6.i.2001,20:53:19S 140:20:45E, MSM black with pale sandy-brown maigins. Mesonotal and BJM(MSM). submedian sigillae black, short, completely DESCRIPTION (MALE), Figs 1-4, PI. 1A-D. coalesced medially; narrow black fascia extending posteriorly from coalesced sigillae, progressively Head. Supra-antennal plate, vertex, mandibular broadening and filling area between anterior plate and genae predominantly shiny black, covered arms of cniciform elevation (including scutal by short golden pubescence (supra-antennal plate depressions), further bifurcating and extending only) and longer yellow-silver pubescence; pale as a narrow curved fascia between anterior and sandy-brown triangular fascia extending poster¬ posterior arms of cruciform elevation; small pale iorly from median ocellus, widening towards and central spot within fascia between anterior arms; extending to pronotal margin; small pale sandy- lateral sigillae black, roughly triangular, posteriorly brown patches on antennal pedicels extending rounded, not reaching apices of anterior arms of laterally along anterior margin of supra-antennal cruciform elevation; margins of wing grooves, plate to postclypeal margin. Ocelli rose-red. crucifomi elevation, and areas surrounding lateral Compound eyes dark brown. Postclypeus shiny sigillae sandy-brown; mesonotum with sparse short black with sandy-brown margin extending around silver pubescence, particularly strong near wing frons. Antcclypeus shiny black; rostrum brown grooves grading to black apically. Antennae predominantly black with sandy-brown bases and brown apices. Wings. Venation pale otT-white to pale brown, becoming darker brown apically; very narrow Thorax. Pronotum shiny black, covered with sclerolised brown anterior margin to costal vein. patchy short silvery pubescence; ventro-lateral Hind wing with white opaque plaga extending margins pale sandy-brown, broad pale sandy along margins of veins 3A and 2A, but no central fascia extending posterioly from near 158 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM TABLE 2. Grammitigrina howensis - summary of song parameters. Data compiled from separate recordings from seven insects (Bowen; field and container recordings), two insects (58km SE Mt Surprise; field and container recordings) and one insect from remaining localities (container recordings). £ ^ o £ M. u ^ -2 — =< 2 (cid:9632)d £ z ^ c l,e *r -c « o Z 2 ° e c-i c:“= n _ E u) *0 aGys . uCC Z®. :u£ I S 1° > 2