Advances in Material Research and Technology Basma A. Omran Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam A New Era for Microbial Corrosion Mitigation Using Nanotechnology Biocorrosion and Nanotechnology Advances in Material Research and Technology Series Editor Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies, Physics Department, Isra University, Amman, Jordan ThisSeriescoverstheadvancesanddevelopmentsinawiderangeofmaterialssuchas energy materials, optoelectronic materials, minerals, composites, alloys and compounds, polymers, green materials, semiconductors, polymers, glasses, nano- materials,magneticmaterials,superconductingmaterials,hightemperaturematerials, environmentalmaterials,PiezoelectricMaterials,ceramics,andfibers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16426 Basma A. Omran Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam (cid:129) A New Era for Microbial Corrosion Mitigation Using Nanotechnology Biocorrosion and Nanotechnology 123 BasmaA.Omran MohamedOmar Abdel-Salam Petroleum Biotechnology Laboratory Analysis andEvaluation Department Processes DesignandDevelopment Nanotechnology Research Center Department EgyptianPetroleum Research Institute EgyptianPetroleum Research Institute Nasr City,Cairo, Egypt Nasr City,Cairo, Egypt ISSN 2662-4761 ISSN 2662-477X (electronic) Advances in MaterialResearch andTechnology ISBN978-3-030-49531-2 ISBN978-3-030-49532-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49532-9 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Some things are worth waiting for….. I keep asking myself what it takes to be superior. I realized that desire, dedication, determination, focusing on my goal shall be the keys. I dedicate this work to the person who meant and continues to mean the world to me, My Mother. This is for you, Mom. Thanks for always being there for me in each step of the way. I lovingly dedicate this book to my husband, Mohamed Omar, my little boy, Mazen and to my new baby, Yassin. Thanks for your love, patience and endless support when I needed you. You kept pushing me to accomplish this work, I love you dears. This book is dedicated to my sister; Lamis and brother; Mohamed. I love both of you to the moon and back. Finally, this work is dedicated to the soul of my beloved father who is always in my heart. May Allah rest your soul in peace….To Allah we belong and to Allah we do return. I love all of you and I am doing my best to deserve your love. Basma Ahmed Ali Omran Preface Petroleum,gasandoilindustriesinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriessuffer alotfromthedevastatingconsequencesofcorrosionandbiofouling.Bothproblems arose since long time ago. The lethal deposition of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi)andmacroorganisms(mussels,barnacles,mollusks,algae andinvertebrates) alongwithotherconstituentsresultsinimpairmentintheperformanceofindustrial equipment and operations as well as decrease in the efficiency of service life machines. Besides the contamination of the produced products, loss of products, deleterious consequences which may be catastrophic to theworking personnel and to the surrounding environment. Furthermore, presence of microbial consortium suchasbacteria(aerobicandanaerobic),cyanobacteria,fungiandalgaeadheredto a metal via microbially produced extracellular polymeric matrix results in biofilm formation. Biofilms cause severe problems in a number of disciplines including healthcare industry, water treatment, freshwater systems, marine, medical implants and oil and gas industries. Mitigation of both corrosion and biofouling still repre- sents a major challenge that faces researchers and engineers. Different mitigation strategies have been employed including; paints and coatings, employment of corrosion inhibitors and biocides. Chlorine, tributyltin, diuron, tetrakishydrox- ymethyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, formalde- hyde, glutaraldehyde, etc. are among the employed corrosion inhibitors and biocides. However, they are extremely toxic to the aquatic fauna and to the non-target benthic organisms. The consequences of using chemical based biocides are so intense. Hence, exploring anti-biofouling properties of natural sources and employment of nanoparticles (NPs) as alternatives is the need of the hour. This book has been written for readers, researchers and engineers who are interested in getting the latest information and published data concerning corrosion and vii viii Preface biofouling. The book emphasizes the problems, the current and the new trends employed in combating corrosion and biofouling. Moreover, detailed data con- cerningtheemploymentofnanotechnologyandnanobiotechnologyintreatingand minimizing the severe effects of both problems are covered in this book. Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Dr. Basma A. Omran Researcher in Microbiology Dr. Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam Researcher in Environmental Chemical Engineering Contents 1 Basic Corrosion Fundamentals, Aspects and Currently Applied Strategies for Corrosion Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Corrosion: Problem Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Developments in Corrosion Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Impact of Corrosion on Economy and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Forms of Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5.1 Sweet Corrosion or CO Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 1.5.2 Sour Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.3 Uniform or General Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5.4 Localized Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5.5 Pitting Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5.6 Crevice Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5.7 Galvanic Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.8 Erosion Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.9 Oxygen Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.10 Selective Leaching or Dealloying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5.11 Microbial Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Engineering Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6.1 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6.2 Mild Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.3 Ferrous and Steel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.4 Non-ferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.7 Corrosion Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7.1 Metal Sample Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7.2 Corrosion Test Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7.3 Gravimetric and Electrochemical Measurements. . . . . . . 16 1.8 Corrosion Mitigation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.8.1 Paints and Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ix