Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK © Oxbow Books and Jonathan Adams, 2013 Paperback ISBN 978 1 84217 297 1 E-pub ISBN 978 1 78297 045 3; Mobi ISBN 978 1 78297 046 0; PDF ISBN 978 1 78297 047 7 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available direct from Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK (Phone: 01865-241249: Fax: 01865-794449) and The David Brown Book Company PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, USA (Phone: 860-945-9329; Fax: 860-945-9468) or from our website www.oxbowbooks.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adams, Jonathan, 1951- A maritime archaeology of ships : innovation and social change in medieval and early modern Europe / Jonathan Adams. -- First edition. 1 online resource. Includes bibliographical references and index. Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. ISBN 978-1-78297-045-3 (epub) -- ISBN 978-1-78297-622-6 (mobi (Kindle)) -- ISBN 978-1-78297-047-7 ( pdf ) -- ISBN ) 978-1-84217-297-1 1. Ships--Europe--History. 2. Ships, Medieval--Europe. 3. Underwater archaeology--Europe. I. Title. VM15 623.8’121094--dc23 2013044723 Cover: Rear inset: The craft of the medieval shipwright depicted as Noah (after a stained glass window, Chartres Cathedral); front inset: the post-medieval shipright as professional from Mathew Baker’s Fragments of Ancient English Shipwrightry, c. 1572 (Courtesy of the Pepys Library, Magdalene College Cambridge); Background: the wreck of Sea Venture (1609) (the author). Contents List of Figures and tables Acknowledgements Preface 1. Pathways and Ideas Premises Contexts and scope Foundations Archaeology or anthropology? The middle range Shifting sands From method to management Money, policy, law and ethics Knowing what is there 2. Watercraft Communication, subsistence, trade and exchange The first seafarers? Preservation Failure or success? Ritual deposition and abandonment Contexts and meanings Time capsules? Selection Aggregate value Ships as things Reading ships Purpose Technology Tradition Materials Economy Environment Ideology Ships as society 3. Sources, Theories and Practice Images and altered perception The attrition of time Discovery, management and access Ships of trade Ships of war Art or science? Theory and practice Technological particulars or social trends? Data, facts and objectivity Archaeological historical synthesis Technology, innovation and social change 4. From Medieval to Modern: Ships of State Terminology Technological precedents Innovation and change Northern Europe The Mediterranean region Cultural transmission Cocha – carrack From carrack to carvel Mary Rose Hull structure Principles of construction sequence Form and adaptations The Kravel: Key to a kingdom Gustav Vasa and the Swedish State Discovery Hull structure Rig Fittings Ordnance Dating and identification Ship type and origin Symbols of Power The Elephant Naval enterprise and novel solutions Mars A social context Principal agents Innovation Floating Castles: architectural analogies Dynasty over deity Guns or barricas? 5. The Mysterious Hulk – Medieval tradition or modern myth? Proposed hulk characteristics Proto-hulks? Late medieval hulks Perception and the medieval artist Reverse clinker Hulk planking Collars Banana boats and stylistic convention Conclusion 6. Shipwrights, Status and Power Precedents Cod’s head and Mackerel’s tail Sea Venture Historical context Discovery Site formation Preservation and distribution Identification Hull Structure Comparative material Sparrowhawk (1626) Warwick (1619) Alderney The Gresham ship Principles of construction sequence Reconstructing Sea Venture The secret art Hull lines Performance analysis: provisional results Shipwrights and status Ships of war and trade: divergence and convergence 7. A New Technology Background SL 4 Hull structure Keel, posts and deadwood Framing Planking Internal timbers Keel fastenings Main mast and mast-step The ship and its materials A reconstruction SL 4 building sequence Keel Stem, stern posts and transoms: Deadwood Frames Harpins and ribbands Staging Keelson Cant frames Planking Making good Beams Stanchions Breasthooks and crutches Ceiling Treenails Tightening Repairs and miscellaneous features Implications 8. Carvel Building in Retrospect Structures and materials Ribs and skins New materials, new ideas 9. Maritime Material Culture The new versus the old: ‘Innovators and laggards’ Specific circumstances and general explanations Stress response History to prehistory: directions and potential Boats in the mind – boats in reality Glossary Appendices 1. Narrow escape from shipwreck 2. 17th Century ship design References List of Figures and Tables Chapter 3 2.1 Constraints on the nature of ships 2.2 Riksäpplet (1676) Chapter 3 3.1 Anna Maria (1709) 3.2 Comparative sketches of Margareta 1992, 1999 3.3 Underwater sketch of Concordia (1754) at Älvsnabben, Sweden. Inset: Concordia’s windlass in situ in 1997 3.4 The Seahorse wreck 3.5 The ‘Ghost Ship’ 3.6 The Dalarö wreck. Inset the ‘lion’ of the figurehead 3.7 Left: The Dalarö wreck: a gun on its carriage. Right: The main hatch of the Dalarö wreck: a diver inspects the hold 3.8 Images from the web camera set up on the site 3.9 Plan of the Dalarö wreck at deck level 3.10 The wreck of Mars (1564) 3.11 The wreck of Sword (1676) Chapter 4 4.1 Typical medieval clinker construction 4.2 Typical carvel structure c. (18th century, English) 4.3 The ‘Woolwich ship’ showing the traces of the joggkü 4.4 Cross section of a typical cog 4.5 Dutch construction shown in an engraving by Sieuwert van der Muelen c. 1700 4.6 The Bossholmen cog. Plans, profile and inset drawings to show plank details 4.7 Structural details of the Oskarshamn cog 4.8 Kalmar I 4.9 a) Guernsey, St Peter Port 2. Structure as found b) Hypothetical conversion of Guernsey-type hull to carvel 4.10 Mary Rose: Internal structure 4.11 Mary Rose: Gun deck timber engineering 4.12 Map showing the location of the ‘Kravel’ 4.13 ‘Kravel’: deep site wreck diagram 4.14 Plan of the Nämdöfjärd Kravel 4.15 ‘Kravel’: stern structure (elevation and perspective) 4.16 ‘Kravel’ and Mary Rose guns compared 4.17 ‘Kravel’: guns 4.18 Elefanten: under water remains 4.19 Elefanten: stem structure 4.20 Elefanten: inboard seam fillets 4.21 Mars (1564): Plan of coherent structure 4.22 Frame timbers of Mars (1564) Chapter 5 5.1 The Stralsund town seal 1329 5.2 The town seal of New Shoreham, 1295 5.3 The font at Winchester Cathedral 5.4 A gold Noble of Edward III 5.5 Henry I returning tio England depicted in John of Worcester’s Chronicle (1118–1140) 5.6 Town seal of Southampton, 13th century 5.7 The Utrecht ship (11th century) 5.8 Reconstruction of the hull structure of the wreck known as Ringaren 5.9 Seal of the Paris Bolt Maker’s Guild (15th century) 5.10 Image from the Holkam Bible 5.11 Image from a 14th-century French manuscript 5.12 Town seal of Danzig (Gdansk) of c. 1400 5.13 Misericord, St David’s Cathedral, Pembrokeshire 5.14 The Jutholmen wreck showing the planking pattern 5.15 A planking pattern for a bluff-bowed vessel Table 5a Showing images variously denoted ‘hulk’ Chapter 6 6.1 Mary Rose - Anthony Anthony Roll 6.2 Armed merchantman after Peter Bruegel the elder 6.3 Galleass Hynde from the Anthony Roll 6.4 Cowdray engraving: detail 6.5 Mathew Baker’s depiction of hull form 6.6 Mathew Baker’s working drawing, folio 35 6.7 Sea Venture: plan 6.8 Sea Venture uncovered during excavation in 1986 6.9 Sparrowhawk 6.10 Forward framing of Warwick (1619) 6.11 Mathew Baker’s Folio 19 with principal design features identified 6.12 Mathew Baker’s Folio 35 with arcs identified 6.13a a) Sea Venture floor profiles b) Diagram of flat and first radius 6.14 a) Moulds of Baker, Wells, Pett and Deane superimposed b) The same moulds but aligned at the flat of floor 6.15 Graph: progressive change in flat of floor and floor sweep 6.16 Graph: relationship of the flat of floor and the three other radii that determined hull form 6.17 Graph: as 6.16 but with 2nd and 3rd sweeps of early moulds averaged 6.18 Midship mould of Sea Venture reconstructed 6.19 Sea Venture lines generated in ‘ Wolfson ‘Shipshape’ Tables 6a Sea Venture flats of floor 6b Manuscript and treatise evidence 6c Principal proportions of 16th- and 17th-century manuscripts 6d Sweeps as % or proportion of given reference value 6e Proportions and sweep of toptimbers 6f Range of possible main breadths 6g Relationship of Sea Venture’s flat of floor and floor sweep 6h Relationship between the flat of floor and the floor sweep in MSS 6j Possible principal dimensions of Sea Venture based on MSS 9 6k Values for the sweeps for the midship section using MSS 9 Chapter 7