The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia, by J. G. Bartholomew This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia Author: J. G. Bartholomew Release Date: September 30, 2012 [EBook #40900] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITERARY, HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA *** Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber's Note: Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been preserved. Manus Island, page 202. No location named. Should probably be East Indies. Gulf of Kas, page 195. Missing longitude. Fitze-long Bay, page 187. Wrong map coordinates. The Index lists Dharmapuri, Diggi, Kang-ping and Radhan as having Glossary entries which do not exist. Alternative spellings of Ibn Batuta include Batutu, Batatu, and Batouka. Inconsistencies between latitude and longitude in the Index and the Glossary have been left as printed, including Ajmere, Bahera, Bitlis, Carmel, the Dead Sea, Deogarh, Dharwar, Diarbekr, Dondra Head, Elichpur, Hugli, Kagoshima, and Kamagawa. EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS REFERENCE A LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA THE PUBLISHERS OF EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS: TRAVEL * SCIENCE * FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY * CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS * ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ROMANCE Printer's Logo IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING: CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP, LEATHER, ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP; LIBRARY BINDING IN CLOTH, & QUARTER PIGSKIN London: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd. New York: E. P. DUTTON & CO. Frontpiece A TO THE WISE MAN ALL THE WORLD'S A SOIL BEN JONSON Frontpiece B A LITERARY & HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA J G. BARTHOLOMEW LL.D LONDON: PUBLISHED by J·M·DENT & SONS LTD AND IN NEW YORK BY E·P·DUTTON & CO INTRODUCTION Fourth in the series of special atlases designed for "Everyman's Library" the present volume deals with the countries of Asia, whose history and geography, and whose possibilities, great and grave, are alike reflected in the maps and charts that follow. When Queen Elizabeth granted to certain merchants of London a charter that gave them a roving commission to trade in the East Indies, she could not foresee the immense developments that were to rise from that adventurous commerce between east and west. The successive maps of India with their frontier changes mark the gradual advance of an old world toward the new one knit by powerful mutual ties to the Isle of Britain; and recently we have seen what it is to be hoped will open a greater era for those regions, marked by a return to the old capital of Delhi, and a resuming of ancient rites which first gained their symbolism in those lands. But Asia, as Japan has taught us and as China will undoubtedly teach us again, has her own destiny to bear out, apart from our European interests and politics; and it is in that aspect we need to study her on the lines laid down and made clear and positive in this volume. It is not the military records, the charts of mutinies and battle-fields, interesting as they are, which are alone important; but those showing the conditions, physical and climatic, of the country; the dispersion of the tongues, the sites of the old religions, the wealth and tillage of the earth with its fruits, grain and minerals, its rice fields and tea plantations; the prevalence of rain, sun and trade-winds; and the course of the sea-roads that affect its human and industrial life. A gazetteer does not always seem to the ordinary man a very entertaining thing, but in this of Asia its compiler, Miss Grant, has tried to mark in brief, close compacted in small type, the place-associations, historical and other, that give life to the names of town or country. She has related them to the books that have dealt with them, and the events they have witnessed: given Ning-po its allusion to Marco Polo's travels, and Madras its San Thomé pedigree, connected Palmyra with Tamerlane, and Puri, Bengal, with the gold tooth of the Buddha and the Temple of Vishnu's incarnation. In the vii viii Brief Survey of the Coins and Coinage, Mr. J. Allan (of the Coins and Medal Department, British Museum) has traced the record from Lydia, six centuries and more B.C., to our own time. His notes on the Phoenician coins —"tetradrachms of Tyre with a dolphin or the god Melkart riding on a sea-horse," or an owl with a crook and a flail (Egyptian royal symbols); or the double shekels of Sidon with a galley, sails, or oars, before a walled city on one side, and a king of Persia on the other—show how much of history a set of coins, apparently so secretive, may hide in their silver and gold impressions. In this Asian Atlas, of small dimensions as it requires to be to fit its pocket, Irkutsk in the north, "far Mandalay," the details of the East and West Indies, the route of Marco Polo, coasts like the Carnatic, towns like Lucknow and Cawnpore, Lhasa, "the Forbidden City" of Tibet, and Matsuye, the old capital of Idzumo, which Lafcadio Hearn describes, all have their record. It remains to be said, that as in other volumes of the same set, Dr. Bartholomew of Edinburgh has acted as cartographer; and the editor and publishers wish to acknowledge his large practical aid in the design of the atlas. Also, they owe a word of thanks to Mr. William Foster of the India Office for his expert advice. Finally, they wish to dedicate the volume to the people and the princes of India, Japan, and the other countries of which it is a memorial, believing in their great future. E. R. CONTENTS COLOURED MAPS PAGE The World according to Hecatæus, B.C. 500 1 The World according to Eratosthenes, B.C. 220 2 Quadrans Habitabilis according to Abu Rihan Birunensis, A.D. 1030 3 Egyptian Empire, B.C. 1450 4 Babylonian Empire, B.C. 560 5 Persian Empire at its greatest Extent, 525 B.C. 6, 7 Empire of Alexander the Great, 325 B.C. 8, 9 Asia Minor 10, 11 Palestine, Old Testament 12 Palestine, New Testament 13 Asia, Early Explorers 14, 15 Asia, Thirteenth Century 16 Asia, about 1740 17 India, 1705 18 ix India, 1765 19 India, 1805 20 India, 1857 21 The Far East, 1800 22, 23 Russian Advances in Central Asia 24, 25 The World on Mercator's Projection. Showing Routes to Asia 26, 27 Asia—Orographical 28 River Basins 29 January Temperature 30 July Temperature 31 January Rainfall 32 July Rainfall 33 Mean Annual Rainfall 34 Vegetation 35 Races 36 Religions 37 Population 38 Political 39 Economic Map of Asia on Mercator's Projection 40, 41 Trade Routes of Asia on Mercator's Projection 42, 43 Turkey in Asia, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan 44, 45 Asia Minor, Syria, etc. 46, 47 Suez Canal 48 Aden 49 Orographical Central Asia, with Indian Frontiers 50, 51 Indian Empire 52, 53 Products of India 54, 55 x Bombay, Berar, and part of Central India 56, 57 Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, Kashmir, etc. 58, 59 United and Central Provinces, Bengal, Assam, etc. 60, 61 Madras, Haidarabad, Mysore, and Ceylon 62, 63 Environs of Bombay 64 Environs of Calcutta 65 Orographical Farther India 66 Burma 67 Malay States 68, 69 Siam and Indo-China 70, 71 The Far East, Economic 72, 73 East Indies 74, 75 Java 76 Philippine Islands 77 Island of Singapore 78 Hong-Kong 79 China and Japan 80, 81 Northern China 82, 83 Southern China 84, 85 Environs of Peking and Shanghai 86 Environs of Hong-Kong and Manila 87 Japan 88, 89 Korea and Manchuria 90 Central Japan 91 Environs of Tokio 92 Environs of Port-Arthur and Nagasaki 93 Siberia 94, 95 Environs of Vladivostok 96 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGES OF ASIA, From the Earliest Times to the Present Day, by J. Allan, M.A., M.R.A.S. 97 LINE MAPS PAGE Battle of Sirangapatam, February 1792 130 Battle of Assaye, September 1803 131 Battle of Meanee, February 1843 131 Battle of Aliwal, January 1846 132 Battle of Sobraon, February 1846 132 Indian Mutiny, showing Distribution of Troops, May 1857 133 Aryan Languages of India 134 Non-Aryan Languages of India 135 Sites of Ancient Indian Temples 136, 137 Military Divisions of India 138 Delhi 139 Lucknow 140 Cawnpore 141 Lahore 142 Rangoon 143 Lhasa, "The Forbidden City" 144 A Gazetteer of Towns and Places in Asia having an Historic Interest 145 Index 173 The World according to Hecataeus THE WORLD according to HECATÆUS B.C. 500 xi 1 John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image The World According To Eratosthenes THE WORLD according to ERATOSTHENES B.C. 220 John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image Quadrans Habitabilis According To Abu Rihan Birunensis QUADRANS HABITABILIS according to ABU RIHAN BIRUNENSIS A.D. 1030 John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image 2 3 Egyptian Empire EGYPTIAN EMPIRE B.C. 1450 View larger image 4 5 Babylonian Empire BABYLONIAN EMPIRE B.C. 560 John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image Persian Empire PERSIAN EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT 6-7 525 B.C. John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image Empire of Alexander the Great EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT 325 B.C. John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image 8-9 10-11 Asia Minor ASIA MINOR John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image Palestine, Old Testament PALESTINE OLD TESTAMENT 12 View larger image Palestine, New Testament PALESTINE NEW TESTAMENT John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image 13 14-15 Asia Early Explorers ASIA EARLY EXPLORERS John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image Asia 13th Century ASIA 13th CENTURY View larger image 16 17 Asia About 1740 ASIA ABOUT 1740 John Bartholomew & Co., Edinr View larger image India, 1705 INDIA, 1705 View larger image 18 19