This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank A History of Western Art fifth EDitiON LAURiE SChNEiDER ADAMS John Jay College and the Graduate Center City University of New York HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 1 9/3/10 2:42:35 PM To John, Alexa, Caroline, and Arnie Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Front cover: Vincent Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Sheaves, Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, 1888, Musée Rodin, Paris. Oil on canvas, 28¾ × 21¼ in. NY 10020. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1994 by (73 × 54 cm). Musée Rodin, Paris, France / Flammarion / The Laurie Schneider Adams. All rights reserved. No part of this Bridgeman Art Library International. This work is typical of publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form van Gogh’s interest in the theme of reaping in the wheatfields. or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval sys- The thick, visible brushstrokes, which are characteristic of his tem, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill style, animate the painting’s surface and evoke a strong tactile Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network response from the viewer. In the background, the steam- or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for powered train and factory chimneys reflect the changing distance learning. times, juxtaposing industry with peasant labor. Back cover: Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Wrapped Reich- This book is printed on acid-free paper. stag, Berlin 1971–95. Photo: Wolfgang Volz. ©1995 Christo. Christo and Jeanne-Claude spent twenty-four years trying to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 obtain permission from the German parliament to wrap the Reichstag. Permission was finally granted six years after the ISBN: 978-0-07-337922-7 dismantling of the Berlin Wall. Designed in 1894, the build- MHID: 0-07-337922-0 ing was destroyed by fire in 1933 after Hitler came to power, and was bombed in 1945 during the Battle of Berlin. Visible Vice President Editorial: Michael Ryan in this photo are the some of the thousands of visitors who Editorial Director: William R. Glass viewed the remarkable feat of wrapping, which was carried Publisher: Chris Freitag out by 90 climbers and 120 installers. Fourteen days after the Sponsoring Editor: Betty Chen instal lation, the Reichstag was unwrapped and all the materi- Marketing Manager: Pamela Cooper als were recycled. Developmental Editor: Arthur Pomponio Director of Development: Rhona Robbin Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 599 Production Editor: Christina Gimlin and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Production Service: Marquand Books, Inc.: Keryn Means, Sara Billups, and Jeremy Linden Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Layout Artist and Manuscript Editor: Marie Weiler Adams, Laurie. Proofreader: Carrie Wicks A history of western art / Laurie Schneider Adams. — Indexer: Candace Hyatt 5th ed. Design Manager and Cover Designer: Andrei Pasternak p. cm. Photo Research: Alexandra Ambrose and Robin Sand Includes bibliographical references and index. Buyer II: Tandra Jorgensen ISBN-13: 978-0-07-337922-7 (alk. paper) Composition: 9/11.5 Versailles and Gill Sans by Marie Weiler ISBN-10: 0-07-337922-0 (alk. paper) Image Separations: iocolor 1. Art—History. I. Title. Printing: 70# Sterling Ultra Web Dull by RR Donnelley & N5300.A33 2010 Sons, Willard, Ohio 709—dc22 2010031468 www.mhhe.com HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 2 9/3/10 2:42:35 PM Contents Preface xvii 1 Why Do We Study the history of Art? 1 The Artistic Impulse 1 Chronology 1 Why Do We Value Art? 2 Material Value 2 Brancusi’s Bird: Manufactured Metal or a Work of Art? 3 intrinsic Value 3 Religious Value 3 Nationalistic Value 4 Psychological Value 4 Art and Illusion 5 Images and Words 5 traditions Equating Artists with Gods 6 Art and Identification 6 Reflections and Shadows: Legends of how Art Began 6 image Magic 7 Architecture 8 Archaeology and Art History 9 Methodologies of Art History 10 formalism 10 iconography and iconology 10 Marxism 10 feminism 11 Biography and Autobiography 11 Semiology 11 Deconstruction 12 Psychoanalysis 12 2 the Language of Art 13 Composition 13 Plane 13 Balance 13 Line 14 Expressive Qualities of Line 14 Lines Used for Modeling 15 The Illusion of Depth 16 Perspective 16 Space 16 Shape 17 types of Shapes 17 Expressive Qualities of Shape 17 Light and Color 17 Physical Properties of Color 18 Expressive Qualities of Color 18 Texture 20 Stylistic Terminology 20 iii HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 3 9/3/10 2:42:36 PM iv CONTENTS 3 Prehistoric Western Europe 23 The Stone Age 23 Paleolithic 23 Map: Prehistoric Sites in Europe 23 Sculpture 24 technique Carving 24 technique Modeling 24 technique Categories of Sculpture 25 Painting 25 media Pigment 25 Beyond the West Rock Paintings of Australia 28 Mesolithic 29 Neolithic 29 Menhirs 29 Dolmens 29 Cromlechs 29 architecture Post-and-Lintel Construction 31 4 the Ancient Near East 33 The Neolithic Era 33 Map: The Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East 33 Jericho 34 Çatal hüyük 34 Mesopotamia 35 the Uruk Period 35 primary source Inanna 35 religion Mesopotamian Gods 36 Ziggurats 36 Cylinder Seals 37 from Pictures to Words 37 literature Gilgamesh 38 Sumer: Early Dynastic Period 39 Akkad 40 society and culture Sargon of Akkad 40 Neo-Sumerian 41 the Ziggurat of Ur 42 Babylon 43 society and culture The Law Code of Hammurabi 43 Anatolia: The Hittites 44 Assyria 45 technique Glazing 46 the Neo-Babylonian Empire 46 architecture Round Arches 46 Iran 47 society and culture Destroying the Archaeological Record 47 The Scythians 48 Achaemenid Persia 48 architecture Columns 49 5 Ancient Egypt 51 The Gift of the Nile 51 The Pharaohs 51 The Egyptian Concept of Kingship 51 chronology Egyptian Kings 51 HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 4 9/3/10 2:42:37 PM CONTENTS v Map: Ancient Egypt and Nubia 52 The Palette of Narmer 52 The Old Kingdom 53 Pyramids 53 religion Egyptian Gods 56 Mummification 56 Sculpture 57 technique The Egyptian Canon of Proportion 57 The Middle Kingdom 59 The New Kingdom 59 temples 59 Painting 62 the Amarna Period 64 Tutankhamon’s Tomb 66 Egypt and Nubia 67 the Rock-Cut temple of Ramses ii 67 Meroë 68 6 the Aegean 70 Cycladic Civilization 70 Map: The Ancient Aegean World 70 Minoan Civilization 71 the Palace at Knossos 71 media and technique Minoan Fresco 72 Religion 73 society and culture Minoan Scripts 73 Pottery 74 Discoveries at Thera 75 the frescoes 75 Mycenaean Civilization 77 society and culture The Legend of Agamemnon 77 7 the Art of Ancient Greece 83 Map: Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean 83 Cultural Identity 84 Government and Philosophy 84 philosophy Plato on Artists 84 society and culture Women in Ancient Greece 85 Literature and Drama 85 “Man Is the Measure of All Things” 85 religion Greek Gods and Their Roman Counterparts 86 Painting and Pottery 87 Geometric Style 87 Orientalizing Style 87 media and technique Greek Vases 88 Archaic Style 88 Late Archaic to Classical Style 89 Classical to hellenistic Style 89 Sculpture 90 Archaic Style 90 Early Classical Style 92 media and technique The Lost-Wax Process 94 Classical Style 95 HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 5 9/3/10 2:42:37 PM vi CONTENTS Classical Architecture: The Athenian Acropolis 96 the Parthenon 98 architecture Plan of the Parthenon 99 architecture The Greek Orders 100 myth Medusa 105 the temple of Athena Nike 105 the Erechtheum 106 Late Classical Style 108 the Greek theater 108 architecture Greek Theater 108 Sculpture 109 style The “Hermes of Praxiteles” 110 Hellenistic Period 112 Sculpture 112 myth The Trojan Horse 115 8 the Art of the Etruscans 117 Map: Etruscan and Roman Italy 117 Architecture 118 Pottery and Sculpture 118 Women in Etruscan Art 120 Funerary Art 121 Cinerary Containers 121 Sarcophagi 122 tomb Paintings 122 9 Ancient Rome 125 Map: The Roman Empire, a.d. 14–284 125 primary source Virgil’s Aeneid 126 chronology Roman Periods 126 architecture Arches, Domes, and Vaults 127 Architectural Types 128 Domestic Architecture 128 history Julius Caesar 130 Public Buildings 130 media Roman Building Materials 135 Religious Architecture 137 Commemorative Architecture 140 primary source Josephus and the Jewish Wars 143 Sculptural Types 144 the Sarcophagus 144 media Color Symbolism in Roman Marble 145 Portraits 146 Pictorial Style 149 Painting and Mosaic 149 history Marcus Aurelius: Emperor and Philosopher 149 10 Early Christian and Byzantine Art 153 A New Religion 153 Constantine and Christianity 153 The Divergence of East and West 153 religion Christianity and the Scriptures 154 religion Christian Symbolism 154 HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 6 9/3/10 2:42:39 PM CONTENTS vii Early Christian Art 155 Sarcophagi 155 history The Catacombs 156 Basilicas 156 religion Saint Peter 157 Centrally Planned Churches 158 Justinian and the Byzantine Style 159 San Vitale 159 media and technique Mosaics 163 hagia Sophia 164 The Codex 167 media Parchment 167 the Vienna Genesis 169 Later Byzantine Developments 169 11 the Early Middle Ages 171 Islamic Art 171 religion Islam 171 the Great Mosque, Córdoba 172 Northern European Art 174 Anglo-Saxon Metalwork 174 primary source Beowulf 174 hiberno-Saxon Art 175 the Carolingian Period 176 media and technique Manuscript Illumination 176 Map: The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne 178 the Palace Chapel 179 Manuscripts 180 religion Revelation and the Four Symbols of the Evangelists 180 Monasteries 180 Ottonian Period 182 12 Romanesque Art 184 Economic and Political Developments 184 society and culture Feudalism 184 Pilgrimage Roads 185 Map: Pilgrimage Roads to Santiago de Compostela, Spain 185 Architecture 186 Sainte-foy at Conques 186 Developments at Autun 190 The Stavelot Reliquary Triptych 192 Manuscripts 193 Mural Painting 195 The “Bayeux Tapestry” 196 HWA-00 frontmatter [final].indd 7 9/3/10 2:42:41 PM