L a n g Birgit Lang, , D Joy Damousi anD a m o aLison Lewis Birgit Lang is Starting with Central Europe and concluding with the u Associate Professor United States of America, A history of the case study tells s of German at i The University the story of the genre as inseparable from the foundation & A history of of sexology and psychoanalysis and integral to the history of Melbourne L of European literature. It examines the nineteenth- and e w Joy Damousi is twentieth-century pioneers of the case study who sought i ARC Kathleen answers to the mysteries of sexual identity and shaped s Fitzpatrick Laureate the way we think about sexual modernity. These pioneers Fellow and Professor include members of professional elites (psychiatrists, the case study of History at The University psychoanalysts and jurists) and creative writers, writing A of Melbourne for newly emerging sexual publics. Alison Lewis h Where previous accounts of the case study have is Professor approached the history of the genre from a single i of German at s The University disciplinary perspective, this book stands out for its t Sexology, psychoanalysis, literature of Melbourne interdisciplinary approach, well-suited to negotiating the o ambivalent contexts of modernity. It focuses on key formative moments and locations in the genre’s past r COVER where the conventions of the case study were contested y Schad, Christian (1894–1982): Portrait as part of a more profound enquiry into the nature of the of Dr Haustein, 1928. So Madrid, Museo human subject. e x Thyssen-Bornemisza. of Oil on canvas, 80.5 x 55 Among the figures considered in this volume are lo c919m77 .x9 D .75i2m7. ex©n 5 s2 ico0mn16 .w .I niMtvh.u Nsfre.a:o m e: prolific Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, gy, pth the psychoanalytic master of case-writing Sigmund Freud, s Thyssen-Bornemisza/ y Scala, Florence and the influential New York psychoanalyst Viola Bernard, che o ‘Case study no. 69 on who all embraced the case study genre for its ability to a nc Fetishism and Masochism’ convey new knowledge – and indeed a new paradigm a Wellcome Library, London for knowledge – in an authoritative manner. At the same lya From Richard von s KSsteruaxdfuyfat (-lLiEsob.n iand ogmn, e:P dWsiy.c Hcoh-efoionpreae-tnhsiiac triemflee,c tthinegse c wonristtearsn trleyi novne intste pde trhtien egnecnere t’os pdaerfianmiteiotnerss o, f is, litese mann, 1931), pp. 172–3 the modern subject. ra tus Unnumbered folio, r from Alfred Döblin, A history of the case study will be essential reading for et Die beiden Freundinnen u lecturers and students working in the fields of history of und ihr Giftmord (Berlin: Die Schmiede, 1924) sexuality, psychoanalysis and literary and cultural history. d y www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk A history of the case study A history of the case study Sexology, psychoanalysis, literature Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi and Alison Lewis Manchester University Press Copyright © Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi and Alison Lewis 2017 The rights of Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi and Alison Lewis to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 0719 09943 4 hardback ISBN 978 1526 10611 7 open access First published 2017 This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY- NC-ND) licence. A copy of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset in Bodoni and Futura by R. J. Footring Ltd, Derby Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi and Alison Lewis 1 The shifting case of masochism: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch’s Venus im Pelz (1870) 19 Birgit Lang 2 Fin-de-siècle investigations of the ‘creative genius’ in psychiatry and psychoanalysis 55 Birgit Lang 3 ‘Writing back’: literary satire and Oskar Panizza’s Psichopatia criminalis (1898) 90 Birgit Lang 4 Erich Wulffen and the case of the criminal 119 Birgit Lang 5 Alfred Döblin’s literary cases about women and crime in Weimar Germany 156 Alison Lewis 6 Viola Bernard and the case study of race in post-war America 189 Joy Damousi Conclusion 215 Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi and Alison Lewis Select bibliography 221 Index 232 ∙v ∙ Acknowledgements This volume was made possible by the Australian Research Council (ARC), which funded the Discovery Project titled ‘Making the Case: The Case Study Genre in Sexology, Psychoanalysis, and Literature’ led by Birgit Lang and Joy Damousi. The authors acknowledge the vital importance of the ARC in providing generous support for the project. Thank you to the unfailingly helpful staff of the following archives and libraries (in alphabetical order): Bavarian State Archives Munich; German Literary Archive (Marbach); Monacensia, Literary Archive of the City of Munich; Rare Book and Manuscript Library and the A. C. Long Health Sciences Library at Columbia University (New York); Saxon State and University Library (Dresden); Wellcome Library (London). Warmest thanks to Katie Sutton, the former Australian Postdoctoral Fellow attached to the ARC project, for commenting on the manuscript. We acknowledge Jana Verhoeven and Mary Tomsic for their outstanding research assistance in Melbourne and New York respectively. The authors extend special thanks to Cynthia Troup, who has managed the editorial process, and prepared and polished all aspects of the manuscript with extraordinary thoroughness and diligence. We owe much to Emma Brennan, Commissioning Editor and Editorial Director at Manchester University Press. Also at Manchester University Press we sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers and editorial board, and Paul Clarke, Assistant Editor, and Ralph Footring, freelance produc- tion editor, for their expertise, efficiency and responsiveness. Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi, Alison Lewis ∙ vi ∙ Introduction Birgit Lang, Joy Damousi and Alison Lewis A History of the Case Study represents a critical intervention into contem- porary debate concerning the construction of knowledge which – after Michel Foucault’s elaborations on modern discourses of power – considers the medical case study in particular as an expression of new forms of disciplinary authority. This volume scrutinises the changing status of the human case study, that is, the medical, legal or literary case study that places an individual at its centre. With close reference to the dawning of ‘sexual modernity’ during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and to ideas about sexual identity in the period immediately before and after the fin de siècle, the following chapters examine the case writing practices of selected pioneers of the case study genre.1 Alertness to the exchange of ideas between the emp irical life sciences and the humanities is key to A History of the Case Study. Defined by desire to unravel the mystery of human sexuality and the depths of the human condition, the case study can be linked to the modernist project itself. Indeed, the case study can be defined as one of modernity’s vital narrative forms and means of explanation. A History of the Case Study builds on our earlier edited collection, Case Studies and the Dissemination of Knowledge, and outlines how case knowledge actively contributed to the construction of the sexed subject.2 The present volume tells the story of the medical case study genre in a historically and geo- graphic ally contingent manner, with a focus on Central Europe, extended also to the USA. The lives of individual brokers of case knowledge are pivotal to this book, as is the task of mapping their agency and inter- ventions. ‘Brokers of case knowledge’, however, can be shown to include newly emerging sexual publics, as well as members of professional elites (psychiatrists, psycho analysts and jurists) and creative writers. These practitioners took up case studies as a representational practice so as to demonstrate or classify a new phenomenon or pathology; to register a deviation from existing knowledge; to raise questions concern- ing the meaning of a given example (and by implication its explanatory framework); and to disseminate specialist knowledge to reading publics. ∙ 1 ∙ A history of the cAse study In this context, case studies regularly became sites of reinterpretation and translation, sometimes of resistance. There resulted a range of case modalities. Such ‘incarnations of case studies’ across different social and disciplinary contexts came to encompass published psychiatric, sexological and psychoanalytic case studies of individuals, as well as case study compilations; unpublished medical notes and juridical case files; autobiographical or journalistic case studies; and fictional ised or fictional case studies (‘case stories’). All of these iterations of the case study are inseparable from the history of three fields or kinds of knowledge: sexology, psychoanalysis and literature. The case study pioneers at the centre of our investigation all particip ated and were actively involved in discourses connected to the disciplinary sphere of medicine, and especially to the psychiatric realm: Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing embraced patient narratives in an attempt to quantify what he could not measure – the sexual paradigm he presupposed. Psychoanalysts, the majority of whom were trained phys- icians, used the case study genre to reconceptualise the role of creative genius in the light of new scientific and medical insights, or to explore newly urgent socio-political questions, as did Viola Bernard in her analysis of race. State prosecutor Erich Wulffen was able to revitalise the judicial case study genre through the new field of forensics, an imbrication of legal and medical discourse. Physician-writers Oskar Panizza and Alfred Döblin developed new literary cases that incisively commented on specific case writing practices. Each of these writers exemplifies a new language and paradigm, often in competition with other case writers, through which to explore challenges that presented themselves in their time and in their respective fields. An aim of this volume is to chart the emergence and development of the case study in historical terms, and through the medium of biography. Definitions of the case study For the key modern theoretician of the case, André Jolles, case studies belong to the very archetypes of narration.3 Two distinct features define the discursive possibilities of the case study genre: the intrinsic element of judgement; and the ‘abductive’ or ‘guessing’ nature of the case study, which can be used in both inductive and deductive styles of reasoning.4 Case studies are examples or instances that can be used either to illustrate a rule or a norm, or to signal a deviation from it.5 In turn, readers of case studies in varying professional, cultural and historical contexts measure the examples or singular events against the norm. In what Umberto Eco would have called ‘closed’ case studies, clear discursive rules exist within well established fields of knowledge and power, such as the judicial system or institutional religion.6 These fields shape the structure and wording of a case study, but also presume certain values and beliefs on ∙ 2 ∙ IntroductIon the part of the readership. A case study simultaneously lends itself to re- interpretation, because the genre ‘hovers about’ – to cite Lauren Berlant’s phrase – ‘the singular, the general, and the normative’.7 In comparison with ‘closed case studies’, ‘open case studies’ manipulate their readership in more subtle ways, and with greater insight about their readers, as seen in some psychoanalytic and literary case studies discussed herein. They exploit the genre’s tendency towards undecidability, which introduces ongoing ambiguity and provides the condition for the ever-shifting nature of the case study. In this study, the focus on possibilities for reinterpreting a case study is key; the ‘slippery’ quality of the genre is highlighted, as a result of the volume’s vantage point with regard to the example of the history of sexuality. After Foucault, the case study genre has been identified predominantly as an anchor for new forms of disciplinary authority.8 Scholars of homosexual and transgender history have made an invaluable contribution to revising this narrative, as part of an attempt to restore agency to those subjects who voluntarily embraced sexological discourse.9 Yet case studies were powerfully in play beyond the milieu of specific sexual counterpublics (a term from both Michael Warner and Berlant).10 Their wider workings in relation to a broader history of medical, legal and literary knowledge have not been analysed; neither has the agency of case writers. This volume contributes to the historiography of sexuality by contextualising the preferred case modality of historians of sexuality: the juridical case file. In her study of the ‘passing’ as male of Hungarian count/ess Sandor/Sarolta Vay, Dutch scholar Geertje Mak underlines the subversive nature of juridical case files, in which are gathered a range of statements that are free of editorial intervention and which do not necessarily present a clear conclusion at the end.11 The cacophony within the historical juridical case represents a more evocative and open case modality than the typical sexological case, with the editing process seem- ingly reduced to a minimum, although manipulations of the reader still take place. The seemingly open nature of juridical case writing traditions also prevails in Foucault’s case compilations, most famously in Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-Century French Hermaphrodite, published in French in 1978 and in English trans- lation two years later. Here, the task of judgement is apparently left to the reader, framed only minimally by the editor-author. The case is not presented through the lens of a sexo logical expert seeking to present the ‘true’ sex of the human subject in question. Foucault’s Barbin case begins with the subject’s autobiographical account, moves on to the historical dossier – including a timeline of the course of events, two accounts of sexologists and a handful of newspaper articles and surviving personal documents – and ends with ‘A Scandal at the Convent’, the English translation of a literary account by the German writer Oskar Panizza. Thus, Foucault moves from the intimacy of Barbin’s autobiography to the depersonalisation of the medical case ∙ 3 ∙