A HISTORY OF SURGERY THIRD EDITION A HISTORY OF SURGERY THIRD  EDITION Harold Ellis Sala Abdalla CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-61740-7 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-61739-1 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all m aterials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ellis, Harold, 1926- author. | Abdalla, Sala, author. Title: A history of surgery / Harold Ellis, Sala Abdalla. Other titles: Cambridge history of surgery Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, [2019] | Preceded by The Cambridge illustrated history of surgery / Harold Ellis. 2nd ed. 2009. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018031277| ISBN 9781138617391 (paperback: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138617407 (hardback: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780429461743 (ebook) Subjects: | MESH: General Surgery—history Classification: LCC RD19 | NLM WO 11.1 | DDC 617—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018031277 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication To Wendy, and our children and grandchildren—Harold Ellis To my late father, and to my mother and Sam—Sala Abdalla Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Authors xv 1 Surgery in prehistoric times 1 Circumcision 2 Trephination of the skull 4 Cutting for the stone 5 2 The early years of written history – Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, China and India 7 Mesopotamia 7 Ancient Egypt 8 China 10 India 13 3 Surgery in Ancient Greece and Rome 15 Ancient Greece 15 Ancient Rome 19 4 The Dark Ages and the Renaissance 21 Southern Italy 21 Byzantium 22 Arabian medicine 23 The Renaissance 24 The Renaissance of anatomy 32 5 The age of the surgeon-anatomist: Part 1 – from the mid-16th century to the end of the 17th century 35 The 16th century 35 The 17th century 41 6 The age of the surgeon-anatomist: Part 2 – from the beginning of the 18th century to the mid-19th century 47 The 18th century 47 France 48 Italy 50 Germany 51 Britain 55 vii viii Contents America 63 The first half of the 19th century 64 Dissection 71 7 The advent of anaesthesia and antisepsis 75 Anaesthesia 75 The development of antiseptic surgery 84 The development of aseptic surgery 91 8 The birth of modern surgery – from Lister to the 20th century 93 Gallstone surgery 93 Gastric surgery 95 Surgery of the large intestine 99 Cancer of the large bowel 101 Cancer of the colon 102 Cancer of the rectum 103 The acute abdomen 105 Appendicitis 105 Perforated peptic ulcer 107 Intussusception 108 The ruptured spleen 110 Ruptured ectopic pregnancy 111 Obstruction due to post-operative adhesions 112 ‘Visceroptosis’ 112 Urological surgery 113 Prostatectomy 114 Neurosurgery 116 Caesarian section 119 9 The surgery of warfare 125 The invention of gunpowder 126 The Napoleonic Wars 130 The Crimean War 133 The American Civil War 135 The Franco-Prussian War 136 The Boer War 136 The Russo-Japanese War 136 The First World War 137 The Spanish Civil War 146 The Second World War (1939–1945) 147 10 Orthopaedic surgery 151 Fractures and dislocations 151 Elective orthopaedics 158 11 Breast tumours 165 The development of the radical operation 174 The treatment of the advanced disease 179 12 Cutting for the stone 181 Perineal lithotomy 181 Suprapubic lithotomy 188 Transurethral lithotrity 191 Contents ix 13 Thyroid and parathyroid 197 Surgery 198 Hypothyroidism 202 Hyperthyroidism 205 The parathyroid glands 208 14 Thoracic and vascular surgery 211 Lung surgery 211 Tuberculosis 214 Resection of the lung 215 Cardiac surgery 218 Extracardiac surgery 218 Constrictive pericarditis 218 Persistent ductus arteriosus 218 Coarctation of the aorta 219 Fallot’s tetralogy 220 Surgery on the beating heart 221 Open-heart surgery 225 Artificial heart valves 227 The surgery of coronary artery disease 228 Arterial surgery 230 Aortic aneurysm surgery 234 Endovascular surgery 236 15 Organ transplantation 237 Skin grafting 238 Kidney transplantation 239 Artificial kidneys 242 The immunological basis of transplantation 243 Transplantation of other organs 245 Liver 245 The heart 246 Pancreas 247 Intestine 247 Multiple organ transplantation 247 16 Envoi: Today and tomorrow 249 Index 257