Contents List of Figures List of Maps Preface Acknowledgments About the cover image 1 Introduction to the Land and Its People Geography People Economies Politics Culture and Entertainment Latin America: Past and Present 2 Latin America in 1790 Colonial Background Power and Privilege Land 2 Colonial Administration Enlightened Monarchy The Agents of the Reform Disorder and Rebellion Discontent and Disorder in Brazil Changing Gender Roles On the Road to Independence Nationalism and American Culture Conclusion 3 Competing Notions of Freedom Five Roads to Independence African Slavery in the Americas Slavery and the Countryside Slavery in the Cities Treatment and Punishment Slavery and the Church African Medicine and Religious Practices 3 Resistance and Rebellion The Sugar Colony of Saint-Domingue The Slave Revolt The Revolution Betrayed Brazil’s Independent Empire Independence in Mexico South American Independence Post-independence Changes in Racial and Gender Status The Last Holdout of Slavery in Spanish America Latin America in a Changing World Order Conclusion 4 Fragmented Nationalisms Searching for Political and Economic Unity New World “Feudalism” Post-independence Politics Argentina and the Tyrants Populist Caudillismo: Paraguay and Bolivia 4 After Caudillismo Race, Race Mixture, and Liberalism Gender and Liberalism Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class Nationalism Conclusion 5 Latin America’s Place in the Commodity Chain The Guano Boom Nitrates in Chile Sugar and Coffee The Growth of São Paulo Colombian Coffee The Rubber Boom Expanding Exports Mexico and US Expansionism The North American Invasion General López de Santa Anna 5 The New Age of Imperialism Central America and the Panama Canal Ecuador and the “Panama” Hat Independence at Last? Cuba and Puerto Rico Conclusion 6 Immigration, and Urban and Rural Life Asian Immigration European Immigration The Southern Cone Life on the Pampas British Investment The Changing Cultural Landscape Urban Renewal Mexico and Benito Juárez French Invasions The Rise of Porfirio Díaz Intellectual Theories: Positivism and Eugenics 6 Conclusion 7 Revolution from Countryside to City: Mexico The Porfiriato Opposition to the Porfiriato Constitutional Opposition Madero Assassinated US Intervention Women in Combat Carranza as President The Constitution of 1917 Aftermath of Struggle Agrarian Revolts in Latin America Conclusion 8 The Left and the Socialist Alternative Socialism on the World Stage Social Reform and the Middle Class Anarchism, Socialism, and Anarcho-syndicalism 7 Women in the Workforce Colombia: Resistance to the United Fruit Company The Labor Movement Socialism and the Arts Tenentes Revolt and Brazilian Communism Modern Art Week in Brazil Women in the Arts Socialism vs. Capitalism José Carlos Mariátegui Conclusion 9 Populism and the Struggle for Change Getúlio Vargas and “New State” Politics Juan Perón and Peronism Perón’s Fall from Grace Politics Engendered Revolutionizing Mexico: Lázaro Cárdenas Populism in Colombia and Peru 8 Central America The Long Twentieth Century Conclusion 10 Post-World War II Struggles for Sovereignty World War II Temporary Worker Program Post-war Latin America Military vs. Civilian Rule The Absolute Dictator: Rafael Trujillo Americas in Transition: Guatemala and Bolivia Guatemala Revolution in Bolivia Mining and the Voice of Bolivian Activism The Revolution in Decline Conclusion 11 Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power “History Will Absolve Me” 9 Causes for Discontent The Revolutionary War The Special Period in Peacetime Cuba and the World Ernesto “Che” Guevara What Difference Did the Revolution Make? Democratic Shortcomings Conclusion 12 Progress and Reaction Modernization and Progress Brazil’s Military Coup The National Security State Latin America’s Youth Movement Mexico The Massacre at Tlateloco The Chilean Road to Socialism The Chilean Road to Socialism Dead Ends 10