C “Chandler’s fourth edition of A History of Cambodia makes significant improvements H to a book already recognized as the standard work in the field, particularly for A N university studies. Carefully researched and deftly written, the book is also top D choice for the general reader interested in Khmer anthropology, culture, and politics L as well as history. Chandler uses fresh scholarship in Khmer studies to enhance his E chapters on early Cambodian history, and his expanded final chapter on Cambodia R since 1979 is especially welcome. This book adds yet another triumph to David Chandler’s extraordinary career as one of the world’s leading chroniclers of Khmer A civilization.” —Frederick Z. Brown, Johns Hopkins University H “Chandler’s work, updated with new sections on developments in the first decade I of the 21st century, remains essential reading for anyone interested in Cambodia, S its people and history. This is a wonderful, nuanced and highly readable volume T with much new material on Cambodia’s fascinating and tumultuous past.” O —William R. Chapman, University of Hawaii at Manoa R Y In this clear and concise volume, author David Chandler provides a timely O overview of Cambodia, a small but increasingly visible Southeast Asian nation. F Hailed by the Journal of Asian Studies as an “original contribution, superior to any other existing work,” this acclaimed text has now been completely revised and C updated to include material examining the early history of Cambodia, whose FOURTH EDITION A famous Angkorean ruins now attract more than one million tourists each year, the M death of Pol Pot, and the revolution and final collapse of the Khmer Rouge. With new material covering the challenges facing today’s Cambodia, the fourth edition B reflects recent research by major scholars as well as Chandler’s long immersion O in the subject. This comprehensive overview will illuminate—for undergraduate students as well as general readers—the history and contemporary politics of a D country long misunderstood. I A DAVID CHANDLER is emeritus professor of history at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, where he has lived and worked since 1972. F o u r t h E d it io n ISBN-13: 978-0-8133-4363-1 COVER DESIGN BY WENDY HALITZER IISSBBNN 9-7180-0: -08-18313-3433-6433-163-1 PHOTOGRAPH COURTESY OF THE AUTHOR 90000 W E S T V IE W A MEMBER OF THE PERSEUS BOOKS GROUP 9 780813 343631 PR WWW.WESTVIEWPRESS.COM E S S 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page i A HISTORY OF CAMBODIA 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page ii 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page iii A HISTORY of CAMBODIA Fourth Edition DAVID CHANDLER Monash University A Member of the Perseus Books Group 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page iv Copyright © 2008 by Westview Press Published by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301. Find us on the World Wide Web at www.westviewpress.com. Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 255-1514, or e-mail [email protected]. Designed by Timm Bryson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chandler, David. A history of Cambodia / David Chandler. — 4th ed. p. cm. Previously published: 3rd ed. 2000. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8133-4363-1 ISBN-10: 0-8133-4363-1 1. Cambodia--History. I. Title. DS554.5.C46 2007 959.6--dc22 2007009971 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page v For Liz, Maggie and Tom 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page vi 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page vii CONTENTS List of Illustrations xi Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 THE BEGINNINGS OF CAMBODIAN HISTORY 13 Indianization, 15 Funan, 18 Government and Society in Early Cambodia, 27 3 KINGSHIP AND SOCIETY AT ANGKOR 35 Sources for Angkorean History, 36 Jayavarman II and the Founding of Angkor, 39 Yasovarman and His Successors, 42 Angkorean Kingship, 53 Angkor Wat, 56 vii 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page viii viii CONTENTS 4 JAYAVARMAN VII AND THE CRISIS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 65 Jayavarman VII and Buddhist Kingship, 66 The Temples of Jayavarman VII, 73 Theravada Buddhism and the Crisis of the Thirteenth Century, 80 Zhou Daguan’s Account of Angkor, 1296–97, 83 5 CAMBODIA AFTER ANGKOR 91 The Shift from Angkor to Phnom Penh, 92 Cambodia in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 96 Values in Seventeenth-Century Cambodia, 106 Vietnamese and Thai Activities in Cambodia, 112 Conclusions, 115 6 STATE, SOCIETY, AND FOREIGN RELATIONS, 1794–1848 119 Society and Economy, 120 Patronage and Government, 125 The Okya, 130 Cambodia’s Relations with Vietnam and Siam, 136 7 THE CRISIS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 141 The Imposition of Vietnamese Control, 142 0813343631-Chandler 1 5/25/07 12:26 PM Page ix CONTENTS ix The Vietnamization of Cambodia, 1835–40, 149 Siam and the Restoration of Cambodian Independence, 161 8 THE EARLY STAGES OF THE FRENCH PROTECTORATE 167 The Establishment of the French Protectorate, 171 The Tightening of French Control, 174 Sisowath’s Early Years, 180 9 CAMBODIA’S RESPONSE TO FRANCE, 1916–45 187 The 1916 Affair, 187 The Assassination of Résident Bardez, 191 The Beginnings of Nationalism, 194 The Impact of World War II, 201 The Growth of Nationalism and the Return of the French, 207 10 GAINING INDEPENDENCE 211 The Development of Political Parties, 212 The Growth of the Left, 218 Sihanouk and the Achievement of Independence, 224 11 FROM INDEPENDENCE TO CIVIL WAR 233 The Assembly Election, 233 Sihanouk’s Policies, 238