AAA GGGGGGRRRRRRAAAAAAMMMMMMMMMMMMAAAAAARRRRRR OOOFFF UUUGGGAAARRRIIITTTIIICCC John Screnock with Vladimir Olivero A GRAMMAR OF UGARITIC RESOURCES FOR BIBLICAL STUDY Editor Hyun Chul Paul Kim, Old Testament/Hebrew Bible Number 102 A GRAMMAR OF UGARITIC John Screnock with Vladimir Olivero Atlanta Copyright © 2022 by John Screnock All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Control Number: 2022947945 For Walter Contents Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................xi Abbreviations .................................................................................................xiii Introduction .......................................................................................................1 Lesson 1 ............................................................................................................13 1.1. The Ugaritic Abjad 13 1.2. Vowels in Ugaritic 14 1.3. Noun Declension 15 1.4. Articulation and Definiteness in Ugaritic 17 1.5. Copular (“to be”) Clauses 17 1.6. Verbal Stems 17 1.7. G-Stem qatala Verbs 17 1.8. qatala yadaʿa, “to know” 19 1.9. Verb-Subject Agreement 19 1.10. Vocabulary 19 1.11. Exercises 20 Lesson 2 ............................................................................................................23 2.1. Dual and Plural Nouns 23 2.2. Adjectives 24 2.3. Prepositions 25 2.4. G-Stem qatala Dual and Plural 26 2.5. Tri-radical Roots 27 2.6. Theme Vowels 28 2.7. Weak Consonants and Vowel Contraction 29 2.8. Weak Verbs: Hollow 30 2.9. Vocabulary 31 2.10. Exercises 32 viii contents Lesson 3 ............................................................................................................35 3.1. Independent Pronouns 35 3.2. Genitive Phrases 36 3.3. Pattern and Theme Vowels of yaqtulu Verbs 37 3.4. G-Stem yaqtulu Verbs 38 3.5. Weak Verbs: Hollow Verbs in yaqtulu 39 3.6. Consonant Cluster ṣt → št 40 3.7. Kalīlu and kullu 40 3.8. Ugaritic Cuneiform 41 3.9. Vocabulary 43 3.10. Exercises 44 Short Story 1: Baʿlu, ʾilu, wa ʿanatu ...............................................................47 Lesson 4 ............................................................................................................49 4.1. Suffixed Pronouns 49 4.2. Valency and Verb Argument Structures 51 4.3. D-Stem Verbs: qatala and yaqtulu 52 4.4. N-Stem Verbs: qatala and yaqtulu 53 4.5. Weak Verbs: I-n 55 4.6. Weak Verbs: I-ʾ 57 4.7. Function and Meaning of wa 57 4.8. Vocabulary 58 4.9. Exercises 59 Short Story 2: Rigamū Bêti .............................................................................61 Lesson 5 ............................................................................................................63 5.1. Relative Words and Demonstrative Pronouns 63 5.2. Enclitic Particles 65 5.3. Irrealis Mood 65 5.4. G-Stem Jussive, Volitive, and Imperative Verbs 66 5.5. N-Stem and D-Stem Jussive, Volitive, and Imperative Verbs 69 5.6. Geminate Roots 71 5.7. Stative Verbs 73 5.8. Bi of Exchange 73 5.9. Vocabulary 74 5.10. Exercises 75 contents ix Short Story 3: ʾaklu Luki wa Rani ..................................................................77 Lesson 6 ............................................................................................................79 6.1. Weak Verbs: Hollow Verbs in the Jussive, Volitive, and Imperative 79 6.2. Weak Verbs: I-ʾ Verbs in the Jussive, Volitive, and Imperative 81 6.3. Weak Verbs: I-n Verbs and LQḤ in the Jussive, Volitive, and Imperative 81 6.4. Weak Verbs: III-y/w 83 6.5. Š-Stem Verbs 88 6.6. Questions 90 6.7. Vocabulary 90 6.8. Exercises 91 Short Story 4: Ṯalāṯu ʾalapūma Qaṭanūma...................................................93 Lesson 7 ............................................................................................................95 7.1. Participles 95 7.2. Infinitives 98 7.3. Cardinal Numerals 100 7.4. Weak Verbs in the Š-Stem 103 7.5. Š-Stem ṮB, “to return” 104 7.6. Weak Verbs: I-y/w 104 7.7. Weak Verbs: HLK and HLM 108 7.8. yaqtulu in Past-Tense Contexts 108 7.9. Locative Accusatives 109 7.10. Vocabulary 109 7.11. Exercises 110 Short Story 5: Šaʿrūḫurāṣitu .........................................................................113 Lesson 8 ..........................................................................................................115 8.1. Weak Verbs: YTN and III-n 115 8.2. Passive Stem Verbs: Gp, Dp, and Šp 116 8.3. Stems with Affixed t: Gt, tD, and Št 121 8.4. L-Stem Verbs 124 8.5. R-Stem Verbs 124 8.6. yaqtulu 3md and 3mp Prefix y- 125