A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE TRANSLATION SERIES 13 H. N. VAN DER TUUK A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. 1971 This book is published under a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Education and Sciences The original title was : TOBASCHE SPRAAKUNST in dienst en op kosten van het Nederlandsch Bijbelgenootschap vervaardigd door H. N. van der Tuuk Amsterdam Eerste Stuk (Klankstelsel) 1864 Tweede Stuk (De woorden als Zindeelen) 1867 The translation was made by Miss Jeune Scott-Kemball; the work was edited by A. Teeuw and R. Roolvink, with a Foreword by A. Teeuw. ISBN 978-94-017-6707-1 ISBN 978-94-017-6778-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-6778-1 CONTENTS page Foreword by A. Teeuw XIII Preface to part I XL Preface to part II . . XLII Introduction XLVI PART I THE SOUND SYSTEM I. SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION 1. WTiting . . . . . 3 2. The alphabet . . . 3 3. Anak ni surat . . . 4 4. Pronunciation of the a 5 5. Pronunciation of thee 5 6. Pronunciation of the o . . . . . . . . 6 7. The relationship of ·the consona.n.ts to each other 7 8. Fusion of vowels . . . . . . . . . . . 9 w 9. ortl boundary . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. The pronunciation of ?? . . . . . . . 10 11. The nasals as closers before an edged consonant 11 12. The nasals as closeTs before h . . . . 12 13. Douible s . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14. The edged consonants as closers before h. 13 15. A closer n before l, r and m 13 16. R as closer of a prefix 14 17. The semi-vowels . . . . . . . . . 14 18. The accent . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. The place of the accent . . . . . . . . 20 20. The accent in derived words and words having a suffix 21 21. The bindu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 THE MANDA/LING SOUND SYSTEM A. The script . . . . . . . . . . 25 B. K and h . ......... . 26 C. Dosing nasals before edged consonants 27 D. Sand tj . ......... . 27 E. Fusion of vowels . . . . . . . . . . 28 F. Difference of sounds in Mandailing and Toba 29 G. Reduplication of consonants . . . 30 H. The accent . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 VI A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK page THE DAIRI SOUND SYSTEM A. The alphaibet 31 B. The??. 32 c. The~. 32 D. The 2"" 33 E. The fusion of vowels 34 F. Equalization of vowels . 35 G. Nasals as closers . 35 H. Reduplicat.ion of consonants . . . 36 J. Difference in sounds in Dairi and Toba 36 K. The accent . 38 II. WORD STRUCTURE 22. Number of syLlables in stem-words. 41 23. Closing consonants 47 24. TriLlers within a word 50 25. Metathesis 51 26. MetaJthesis with s . 52 27. The heavy syllable 54 28. The lightest syllable . 55 Ill. SOUND CHANGES 29. The vowels. 57 30. The consonants 60 31. Less regular sound cha.nges 71 32. Inserted consonants . 75 IV. SPELLING 33. Spelling and history . . 76 PART U THE WORDS AS PARTS OF SPEECH I. STEM-WORDS, DERIVED WORDS AND WORD-CLASSES 34. Stem-words and derived words . 81 35. The function of stem-words 82 36. Word-classes 83 II. THE VERB 37. Kinds of verbs . 84 A. STEM-WORD VERBS. 84 38. 1. Type bumbam . 84 39. 2. Type tindang 85 40. 3. Type tanom 86 CONTENTS VII page B. DERIVED VERBS • • • • • • • • 87 I. SIMPLE DERIVED VERBS • • • • • 87 41. Six classes of simple derived verbs . 87 First class: V erhs with the prefix ma . 87 42. Qualifying verbs . . . . . . . 87 43. Substantives used as qualifying verbs . 89 44. Intransitive verbs . . . . . . . . 90 45. Second class: Verbs with the prefix 'nUllng • 92 46. Mang with stem-words beginning w;ith a nasal 93 47. Mang with other stem-words 93 48. II11transitive verbs with mang . . . . . . . 95 49. T'raDJSitive verbs with mang . . . . . . . 96 50. Transitive verbs with mang and the suffix i . 98 51. Transitive verbs with mang and the suffix hon 101 Third class: Verbs with the prefix mar 107 52. Intransitive verbs with mar . . . . . . 107 53. Transitive verbs with mar . . . . . . 110 54. Intransitive verbs with mar and the suffix i 111 55. Transitive verbs with mar and the suffix i . 111 56. Transitive verbs with mar and the suffix hon 112 57. Intransitive verbs wJth mar antd the suffix an 113 58. The au.Xiliary akka 114 59. The auxiliary sama . . . . . . . 116 60. Maradu . . . . . . . . . . . 116 61. Fourth class: Verbs with the infix um 117 62. Intransitive verbs with the infix um 118 63. Transitive verbs with the infix um . . 121 Fifth class: Verbs with the prefix pa . . 124 64. Intransitive verbs with the prefix pa . . . . . . 124 65. II11transitive verbs with pa and repetition of the beginning syllable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 66. Transitive verbs with pa . . . . . . . . . . . 126 67. Transi.tive veflbs with pa (cont'd) . . . . . . . . 128 68. Transitive ver~bs with pa derived from numerals 128 69. Transitive veflbs with pa or ma and the preposition tu. 129 70. Transitive verbs with pa and the suffix i . . . . . 129 71. Transitive veflbs with pa and the suffix hon . . . . 130 72. Transitive ver~bs with pa and hon, derived from numerals 131 73. Sixth class: Verbs with the prefix ha . . 132 II. COMPOSITE DERIVED VERBS • • • • • • 133 74. First class: Verbs with the prefixes ma-hi 133 VIII A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK page Second class: V etibs with the prefixes ma-si . . . . . . . 134 75. I. Verbs with ma-si derived from a substantive 134 76. II. Verbs with m<JJ-si derived from the nominal form of a transitive verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 76*. The auxiliary be . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 77. III. Verbs with the prefixes tnaJ-si and the suffix an . 136 78. Third class: Verbs with the prefixes 'l'nGJng-si . . . 136 Fourth class: Verbs with ,the prefix hu preceded by ma, mang or mar . ... 137 79. I. Verbs with ma(ng)-hu . . . . . . 137 80. II. Verbs with mar-hu . . . . . . . . 138 81. Fifth class: Verbs with the prefix mangun . 138 82. Sixth class: V er'bs with the prefix mangi 139 Seventh class: Verbs with the prefixes mar-si (or mar-ta) 140 83. I. Intransitive verbs without a suffix . 140 84. II. Intransitive verbs with the suffix i . . 142 85. III. Transitive verbs with the suffix hon . . 142 86. Eighth class: Verbs with the prefixes pa-tu 142 Ninth class: Verbs with the infix M and another prefix or infix 143 87. I. Verbs with um-M and the accent on the ultim3lte syllable 143 88. II. Verbs with um-ar and the accent on the penultimate syllable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 89. III. Verbs with the prefix mar and the infix ur . . . . 145 90. IV. Verbs with the prefix 'l'nGJng and the infix ar . . . . 145 Tenth class: Verbs with the infix al and another prefix or inf~x 145 91. I. Verbs with um-al . . . . . . . . . . 145 92. II. Verbs with the prefix mar and the infix al . 146 93. III. Verbs with the prefix mang and the infix al . 146 94. IV. Verbs with the prefix pa and the ,infix al . . 146 Eleventh class: Verbs with the prefix ha preceded by another prefix . . . . . . . . . . . 147 95. I. Verbs with mangha and the suffix i or hon . 147 96. II. Verbs with marha . . . . . . . 147 III. THE SUBSTANTIVE 97. Number <lind gender . . . . . . . . 149 98. The vocative . . . . . . . . . . 150 99. The nominal form . . . . . . . . 151 100. The passive: No formal simple passive in Batak . 152 101. The passive expressed by a substantive preceded by tu or hona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 CONTENTS IX page THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PASSIVE • • • • • • • • 154 I. The first passive . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 102. The first passive without a pronominal elemet11t . 154 103. The first passive with a pronominal element . 155 104. The poda passive as a first passive 156 105. The use of the first passive . . . 157 106. The use of :the first passive (cont'd) 158 107. The use of ,the first passive (cont'd) 159 II. The second passive . . . . . . 161 108. The second passive with tM or ha and an . 161 109. The second passive (cont'd) . . . . . . 161 110. Stem-words constructed as the second passive . 162 111. The second passive: tar with intransitive words and sub- stantives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 112. The second passive: ha-an forms from substantives . 164 113. TM before qualifying verbs . . . . . . . . . 164 III. The third passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 114. The form of the third passive: The prefix ni or :the infix in 166 115. The use of the third passive . . . 167 116. The extended passive . . . . . . 172 117. The form of the extended passive . . 172 118. The meaning of the extended passive . 173 119. The extended passive in the dialects 175 THE DERIVED SUBSTANTIVE . • 176 A. The active verbal substantive. 176 120. The active verbal substantive with the prefix pa . 176 121. The meaning of the active verbal ,substantive with pa 176 122. The active verbal substantive with the prefix ha . . 183 123. The meaning of the active verbal substantive with ha 184 124. Substantives with the prefix par . . . . . . . 186 125. Ordinal numbers having the form of active verbal sub- stantives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 126. The active verbal substantive circumscribed 187 127. The active verbal substantive with the suffix on . 190 128. The active verbal substantive with the prefix ha and the suffix on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 129. The active verbal substantive with the suffix an 192 130. The active verbal substantive with the prefix ha and the suffix am . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 194 131. The active verbal substantive with the suffix an circum scribed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 X A GRAMMAR OF TOBA BATAK page B. The passive verbal substantive . . . . . . 197 132. The form of the passive ver<bal substantive . . 197 133. The meaning of the passive verbal substantive 198 134. Nominal ver<bs . . . . . . . 205 C. Other derived substantives . . . . . . 208 135. Substantives with various affixes . . . 208 IV. THE NUMERALS 136. The cardinal numbers . . . . 212 137. The use of the cardinal numbers 212 138. The ordinal numbers . . . 213 139. Auxiliary numerals . . . . . 214 139*. Nasal closing of the numerals . 215 V. THE PRONOUNS 140. The personal pronouns . . . . . . . . 216 140*. Replacement of personal pronouns . . . 220 141. The demonstrative pronouns . . . . . 220 142. The use of the demonstrative pronouns . 222 143. Demonstrative ad¥erbs of place and time . 223 144. I and on as adjuncts of time . . . . 224 145. Reflexive pronouns . . . . . . . 224 146. Interrogative pronouns . . . . . . 226 147. The use of the interrogative pronouns 227 148. The indefinite pronouns . 231 149. The relative pronoun na . . . . . 234 150. The use of na . . . . . . . . . 235 151. The pronominal 'Suffixes . . . . . 239 151 *. N i followed by pronouns instead of prenominal suffixes . 243 152. The pronominal prefixes . . 244 153. The pronominal interjections 254 153*. The use of so and sowada . . 256 VI. THE ADVERB 154. The use of verbal forms instead of adverbs . 258 154*. The expression of a high degree . . . . 259 155. Various constructions with adverbial function . 262 156. Adverbs of place or location . 264 157. Adverbs of time . . . . . . . . . . . 265 158, Sentence-adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . 266 L djolo 266; 2. n.ikkon 268; 3. sai 269; 4. hi jan. or hinan. 270; 5. n.ijan. 271; 6. Ianing or ulaning 274; 7. apala 275; 8. pala 277; 9. n.unga 278; 10. las 279; 11. att6ng 280; 12. tung 281; 13. bejasa 283; 14. nama 283; 15. lejatn.i 285; 16. n.aing or n.aeng 286; 17. hape 287; 18. sahat 288; 19. ai 289; 20. atik 289; 21. malam 290; 22. ra 290; 23. ad6ng 291 ; 24. ro 293 ; 25. huhut 294; 26. maon 294 ; 27. hanuhon. 294