A generalization of Laplace and Fourier transforms Nikolaos Halidias Department of Mathematics 7 University of the Aegean 1 Karlovassi83200 Samos, Greece 0 email: [email protected] 2 n January 31, 2017 a J 9 2 Abstract ] InthisnoteweproposeageneralizationoftheLaplaceandFouriertransformswhich A we call symmetric Laplace transform. It combines both the advantages of the Fourier C and Laplace transforms. We give the definition of this generalization, some examples . and basic properties. We also give the form of its inverse by using the theory of the h t Fourier transform. Finally, we apply the symmetric Laplace transform to a parabolic a problem and to an ordinary differential equation. m [ Keywords Fourier transform, Laplace transform, functions of exponential order 2 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification 42A38, 35A22 v 1 6 1 Introduction 5 6 0 In this note we will propose a generalization of the well known Fourier and Laplace trans- . forms. Let us recall first the notion of the Fourier transform (see for example [2], [4]). 1 0 7 Definition 1 Let f : R C be a function. We define a new function F(s) with s R by 1 → ∈ : v F(s) = (f)(s) = ∞ f(t)e istdt − i F X Z−∞ ar Here e−ix = cosx+isinx. Acommonconditioninorderafunctionf canbeFouriertransformedistobeabsolutely integrable, that is to satisfy the following definition, Definition 2 A function f : R C is called absolutely integrable on R when → ∞ f(t)dt < | | ∞ Z−∞ The set of all absolutely integrable functions on R is denoted by L1(R). For an absolutely integrable function f the Fourier transform is well defined since F(s) = ∞ f(t)e istdt ∞ f(t)e ist dt = ∞ f(t) e ist dt − − − | | ≤ | | | || | (cid:12)(cid:12)Z−∞ (cid:12)(cid:12) Z−∞ Z−∞ (cid:12) (cid:12) (cid:12) (cid:12) 1 But e ist = 1 so it follows that − | | ∞ F(s) f(t)dt < | | ≤ | | ∞ Z−∞ A disadvantage of the Fourier transform is that functions like the Heaviside function, which is the following 1, when t 0 H(t)= ≥ ( 0, when t <0 can not be Fourier transformed. TheLaplacetransformcanbeappliedtothiskindoffunctions.Letusrecallitsdefinition, (see for example [7]), Definition 3 Let f : R+ C and s C. We define the following function → ∈ F(s) = (f)(s)= ∞e stf(t)dt − L Z0 where s = x+iy, if the integral exists. It is well-known fact that the Laplace transform of the Heaviside function is the function 1 s for Res> 0. A well known condition for a function f : R+ C so that can be Laplace transformed → is to be of exponential order, that is Definition 4 We say that the function f : R+ C is of exponential order a if there is → some constant M > 0 and some a > 0 such that for some t 0, it hold that 0 ≥ f(t) Meat, t t 0 | |≤ ≥ A similar definition for some f :R C is the following. → Definition 5 We say that the function f : R C is of exponential order a if there is some → constant M > 0 and some a > 0 such that f(t) Meat, t R | | | | ≤ ∈ A disadvantage of the Laplace transform is that it can not be applied to functions that are defined in all of R, such as the following function, 1, when t 0 g(t) = ≥ ( 1, when t < 0 − This function can not be Fourier transformed as well. So, we will propose a generalization of both previous transforms which we call the symmetric Laplace transform. 2 2 Symmetric Laplace Transform We propose the following integral transform, Definition 6 Let f : R C. We define the symmetric Laplace transform as follows, → (f)(x ,x ,y) = ∞ e( x1H(t)+x2H( t) iy)tf(t)dt 1 2 − − − SL Z−∞ 1, when t 0 where H(t)= ≥ 0, when t < 0 (cid:26) Choosing x = x = x and s = x+iy we obtain 1 2 (f(t))(s) = (f(t))(s)+ (f( t))(s) (1) SL L L − Obviously, if f(t) = 0 for t < 0 then the symmetric Laplace transform coincides with the usual Laplace transform because (f( t))(s) = 0. Choosing, x = x = 0 then the sym- 1 2 L − metric Laplace transform coincides with the Fourier transform. Therefore, the symmetric Laplace transform generalizes both the Fourier and the Laplace transforms. Let us give three examples of the symmetric Laplace transform. Example 1 We will evaluate the symmetric Laplace transform of the function 1, when t 0 f(t)= ≥ ( 1, when t < 0 − We have that (f)(x ,x ,y) = ∞ e( x1H(t)+x2H( t) iy)tf(t)dt 1 2 − − − SL Z−∞ 0 = ∞e (x1+iy)tdt e ( x2+iy)tdt − − − − Z0 Z−∞ 1 1 = + , when x > 0, x > 0, y R 1 2 x +iy x +iy ∈ 1 2 − Choosing x = x = x and s= x+iy then 1 2 1 1 (f(t))(s) = , when s = x+iy, x > 0, y R SL s − s ∈ Example 2 We will compute the symmetric Laplace transform of the function f(t) = 1 with t R. We have that ∈ (f)(x ,x ,y) = ∞ e( x1H(t)+x2H( t) iy)tdt 1 2 − − − SL Z−∞ = ∞e (x1+iy)tdt+ ∞e (x2 iy)tdt − − − Z0 Z0 1 1 = + , for x >0, x > 0, y R 1 2 x +iy x iy ∈ 1 2 − Choosing x = x = x and s= x+iy it follows that 1 2 1 1 (f)(s) = + , x > 0, y R SL s s ∈ 3 Example 3 We will compute the symmetric Laplace transform of the following function sinxt, when t 0 f(t)= ≥ ( cosxt, when t < 0 We have that (f)(x ,x ,y) = ∞ e( x1H(t)+x2H( t) iy)tf(t)dt 1 2 − − − SL Z−∞ 0 = ∞e (x1+iy)tsinxtdt+ e(x2 iy)tcosxtdt − − Z0 Z−∞ x x iy 2 = + − (x +iy)2+x2 (x iy)2+x2 1 2 − for x > 0, x > 0, y R. Choosing x = x = z and s= z+iy we obtain that 1 2 1 2 ∈ x s (f)(s) = + , when Res = z > 0, y R SL s2+x2 s2+x2 ∈ We will also compute the symmetric Laplace transform of the function cosxt, when t 0 f(t)= ≥ ( sinxt, when t < 0 Choosing x = x = z and s = z+iy we obtain 1 2 (f)(x,y) = (cosxt)(s)+ (sin( xt))(s) SL L L − s x = , Res = z > 0, y R s2+x2 − s2+x2 ∈ 3 The Inverse of the Symmetric Laplace Transform InordertoprovethatthesymmetricLaplacetransformisinvertiblewewillusethefollowing theorem, (see theorem 19.3, page 248, [1]). Theorem 1 If the function f is absolutely integrable on R and such that ∞ f(t)e istdt = 0, for every s R − ∈ Z−∞ then f(t)= 0 for every t R. ∈ Let us define the set of all the continuous functions f which are also such that the function g(t) = e (x1H(t)+x2H( t))tf(t) − − is absolutely integrable for (x ,x ) U R2 with U chosen appropriately for the given 1 2 ∈ ⊆ function f. We denote this set by C . For these functions the symmetric Laplace trans- U SL form is well defined because (f)(s)= (g)(s) for f C . U SL F ∈ SL The symmetric Laplace transform : C im U SL SL → SL 4 is a linear transform, recalling the linearity of the integral. The kernel of this transform contains only the zero element. Indeed, if ∞ g(t)e istdt = 0, for every s R − ∈ Z−∞ then g(t) = 0 for all t R and therefore f(t) = 0 for all t R. That means that the ∈ ∈ symmetric Laplace transform is a 1-1 linear transform and so invertible. The inverse of this transform is also linear. These useful conclusions comes from basic linear algebra (see for example [3], [5] and [6]). However, if we choose s R+ (and not s C) in the symmetric Laplace transform then ∈ ∈ it follows that is not invertible. To see this let us compute the symmetric Laplace transform (with s R+) of the continuous function f(t)= t with t R. We have ∈ ∈ 0 (f)(s)= ∞te stdt+ testdt, s >0 − SL Z0 Z−∞ It follows that (f)(s) = 0 and thus the kernel of the transform contains at least one non SL zero continuous function. That means that is not invertible. Therefore, it is important to choose s C and not in R+. ∈ In the next theorem we will see the actual form of the inverse of the symmetric Laplace transform if we assume further that is f is piecewise smooth. Theorem 2 Let f : R C a piecewise smooth function and such that the function g(t) = → e (x1H(t)+x2H( t))tf(t) is absolutely integrable on R when (x ,x ) U R2. If F(x ,x ,y) − − 1 2 1 2 ∈ ⊆ is the symmetric Laplace transform of f then 1 A 1 lim F(x ,x ,y)e(x1H(t) x2H( t)+iy)tdy = (f(t+)+f(t )), (x ,x ) U 1 2 − − 1 2 A→∞2π Z−A 2 − ∈ for every t R. ∈ Proof. Wewillusetheformof theinverse Fouriertransformof thefunctiong (seeTheorem 7.3, page 169 of [2]). Since the function g(t) is absolutely integrable on R then the Fourier transform is well defined and moreover (g)(y) = (f)(x ,x ,y) = F(x ,x ,y). Therefore, knowing the 1 2 1 2 F LS form of the inverse of the Fourier transform we obtain 1 A 1 lim F(x ,x ,y)eiytdy = (g(t+)+g(t )) 1 2 2π A→∞Z−A 2 − For t > 0 we have that g(t+) = f(t+)e x1t and g(t ) = f(t )e x1t while for t < 0 it − − − − holds that g(t+) = f(t+)ex2t and g(t ) = f(t )ex2t. For t = 0 we have g(0+) = f(0+) − − and g(0 ) = f(0 ) thus we can write g(t+) = f(t+)e( x1H(t)+x2H( t))t and g(t ) = − − − − − f(t )e( x1H(t)+x2H( t))t for t R. That is, it holds that − − − ∈ 1 A 1 lim F(x ,x ,y)e(x1H(t) x2H( t)+iy)tdy = (f(t+)+f(t )), (x ,x ) U 1 2 − − 1 2 2π A→∞Z−A 2 − ∈ for every t R. ∈ 5 Remark 1 Aswe can see the symmetric Laplace transform of a function f,when we choose x = x (see 1), is the sum of two functions, g (s)+g (s), with s = x+iy. The function 1 2 1 2 g (s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) for t > 0 while the function g (s) is the Laplace 1 2 transform of f( t) for t > 0. Therefore, if we want to find the inverse symmetric Laplace − transform of a function, we should separate it in a sum of two functions. The first will contain the terms with s and the second the terms with s, say g (s) and g (s). Next, we 1 2 find the inverse of the function g (s) which is equal to f for t 0 while the inverse of the 1 ≥ function g (s) is the function f(t) for t < 0. Consequently, we have that 2 1(g (s))(t), when t 0 − 1 f(t)= L ≥ ( 1(g (s))( t), when t < 0 − 2 L − Example 4 We will find the inverse symmetric Laplace transform of the function 1 1 s2 − s2 Here g (s) = 1 and g (s)= 1 . Therefore the function f(t) is such that 1 s2 2 −s2 1(g (s))(t), when t 0 − 1 f(t)= L ≥ ( 1(g (s))( t), when t < 0 − 2 L − But, 1(g (s))(t) = t and 1(g (s))( t) = t therefore f(t)= t with t R. − 1 − 2 L L − ∈ 4 Basic Properties of the Symmetric Laplace Transform We will give some basic properties concerning the symmetric Laplace transform of the derivative of a function. Theorem 3 Let f,f′ :R C are continuous R and that f is of exponential order a. Then → (f′)(s) = s (f(t))(s) s (f( t))(s) SL L − L − where s = x+iy and Res = x > a, y R. ∈ Proof. We have that 0 (f′)(s) = ∞f′(t)e−stdt+ f′(t)estdt SL Z0 Z −∞ But 0 0 f′(t)estdt = f(t)est 0 s f(t)estdt − Z−∞ −∞ Z−∞ = (cid:2)f(0 ) (cid:3)s (f( t))(s) − − L − and similarly ∞f′(t)e−stdt = f(t)e−st ∞+s ∞f(t)e−stdt 0 Z0 Z0 = (cid:2) f(0+)+(cid:3) s (f(t))(s) − L Using the continuity of f we get the desired result. Similarly, we have the following result. 6 Theorem 4 Suppose that f,f′,f′′ are continuous on R and that f,f′ are of exponential order a. Then (f′′)(s) = s2 (f(t))(s)+s2 (f( t))(s) f(0)(s+s) SL L L − − where s = x+iy and x > a,y R. ∈ More general result in this direction is the following using induction. Theorem 5 Let f,f′, ,f(n) are continuous on R, except maybe at zero, while the func- ··· tions f,f′, ,f(n−1) are of exponential order a. Then ··· (f(n)(t))(s) SL = f(n)(t) (s)+ f(n)( t) (s) L L − (cid:16) (cid:17) (cid:16) (cid:17) = sn (f) sn−1f(0+) sn−2f′(0+) f(n−1)(0+) L − − −···− (f(n)(t))(s) L | {z } +( s)n (f( t))(s)+( s)n 1f(0 )+( s)n 2f (0 )+ +f(n 1)(0 ) − − ′ − − L − − − − − ··· − (f(n)( t))(s) L − | {z } Example 5 We will study the following parabolic problem, u (x,t) = u (x,t), x R, t > 0 xx t ∈ u(x,0) = f(x), x R ∈ u(0,t) = 0, t > 0 Here f is as follows 1, when x 0 f(x)= ≥ ( 1, when x < 0 − We will apply the symmetric Laplace transform on the x variable to get s2G(s,t)+s2G˜(s,t) = G (s,t)+G˜ (s,t) (2) t t where G(s,t) = (u(x,t)) and G˜(s,t) = (u( x,t)). L L − We apply also the symmetric Laplace transform to the condition u(x,0) = f(x) to get 1 1 G(s,0)+G˜(s,0) = (3) s − s From 2 and 3 we get two ordinary differential equations which are s2G(s,t) = G (s,t), G(s,0) = 1, t s s2G˜(s,t) = G˜ (s,t), G˜(s,0) = 1 t −s Their solutions are 1 1 G(s,t) = es2t, G˜(s,t) = es2t s −s 7 Inverting the symmetric Laplace transform (using the convolution theorem of the usual Laplace transform) we arrive at erf x , when x 0 2√t ≥ u(x,t) =  (cid:16) (cid:17)  −erf 2−√xt , when x < 0 (cid:16) (cid:17) x  where erf x = 2 2√t e u2du. It is easy to show that the function u(x,t) satisfies − 2√t √π (cid:18) (cid:19) Z0 our problem. Next, assuming further that every solution of our parabolic problem should be bounded as x while u (x,t) 0 as x we will prove that this problem admits a unique x | | → ∞ → | | → ∞ solution. Note that these extra conditions satisfied by the solution above. Suppose that the problem admits at least two solutions, the u ,u . Then their difference 1 2 v = u u will satisfy the following problem 1 2 − v (x,t) = v (x,t), x R, t > 0 xx t ∈ v(x,0) = 0, x R ∈ v(0,t) = 0, t > 0 v(x,t) bounded as x , v (x,t) 0 as x x | |→ ∞ → | | → ∞ Multiply now the equation by v(x,t) and integrate over (0,t). On the right hand side of the equation we get t t v (x,y)v(x,y)dy = v2(x,t) v(x,y)v (x,y)dy t t − Z0 Z0 Therefore t 1 v (x,y)v(x,y)dy = v2(x,t) t 2 Z0 Next, we integrate over R to get on the left side of the equation, t t ∞ ∞ v (y,r)v(y,r)drdy = v (y,r)v(y,r)dydr xx xx Z−∞Z0 Z0 Z−∞ t y= = v (y,r)v(y,r) ∞ ∞ v2(y,r)dydr x x Z0 (cid:18) (cid:12)y=−∞(cid:19)−Z−∞ t (cid:12) = ∞ v2(y,r)d(cid:12)ydr x − Z0 Z−∞ Therefore, it holds that 1 t ∞ v2(y,t)dy+ ∞ v2(y,r)dydr = 0 2 x Z Z0 Z −∞ −∞ which is true only when v(x,t) = 0 for every x R and t > 0, that is u (x,t) = u (x,t), 1 2 ∈ therefore the problem has a unique solution. 8 Example 6 We will evaluate the solution of the following ordinary differential equation et, t 0 y′′(t)+y(t) = f(t)= ≥ , t R ( 1, t < 0 ∈ y(0) = 0 Obviously, we can not apply the Fourier transform neither the usual Laplace transform. We can apply the symmetric Laplace transform to get, 1 1 s2 (y(t))(s)+s2 (y( t))(s)+ (y(t))(s)+ (y( t))(s) = + , Res > 1 L L − L L − s 1 s − Equating similar terms, we get 1 1 1 s 1 1 (y(t))(s) = L 2s 1 − 2s2+1 − 2s2+1 − 1 s (y( t))(s) = L − s − s2+1 Computing the inverse transforms we arrive at 1et 1cost 1 sint, t 0 y(t) = 2 − 2 − 2 ≥ ( 1 cost, t < 0 − It is easy to see that y(t) satisfy the above ode. References [1] J. Bak - D. J. Newman, Complex Analysis, Springer, 1997. [2] R. J. Beerends-H. G. ter Morsche - J. C. van der Berg - E. M. van de Vrie, Fourier and Laplace Transforms, Cambridge University Press, 2003. [3] S. Berberian, Linear Algebra, Oxford Science Publications, 1992. [4] Phil Dyke, An Introduction to Laplace Transforms and Fourier Series, Springer, 2001. [5] S. Lang, Introduction to Linear Algebra, Springer, 1986. [6] R.Larson-D.Falvo,ElementaryLinearAlgebra,HoughtonMifflinHarcourtPublishing Company, 2009. [7] J. L. Schiff, The Laplace Transform, Springer, 1999. 9