A Dynamical Systems Theory of Thermodynamics PRINCETON SERIES IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS Edited by IngridDaubechies,Duke University WeinanE,Princeton University JanKarelLenstra,Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica Fellow, Amsterdam EndreSu¨li,University of Oxford The Princeton Series in Applied Mathematics publishes high quality advanced texts and monographsinallareasofappliedmathematics. Booksincludethoseofatheoreticalandgeneral natureaswellasthosedealingwiththemathematicsofspecificapplicationsareasandreal-world situations. Foralistofbooksintheseries,seePage721. A Dynamical Systems Theory of Thermodynamics Wassim M. Haddad PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright(cid:13)c 2019byWassimM.Haddad PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress 41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540 IntheUnitedKingdom: PrincetonUniversityPress 6OxfordSt,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TW AllRightsReserved LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2018954760 ISBN978-0-691-19014-3 BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. ThisbookhasbeencomposedinLATEX. Thepublisherwouldliketoacknowledgetheauthorofthisvolumeforprovidingthecamera-ready copyfromwhichthisbookwasprinted. Printedonacid-freepaper. ∞ press.princeton.edu PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my wife, Lydia—the unwavering balance and compass guiding us through the path of life. Throughout our life her devotion, kindness, and love are absolute, her insight, awareness, and perception unparalleled, and imagination, creativity, and genius unequaled. W. M. H. A new scientific theory or framework does not prevail by persuading its polarized antagonists and making them see its sublime structure, but rather because its calcified oppugners eventually perish, and a new generation of scientists emerge that can appreciate its beauty and stern formalism. —Wassim M. Haddad