A Dictionary of ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ARCHITECTURE A Dictionary of ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ARCHITECTURE GWENDOLYN LEICK with illustrations by Francis J.Kirk London and New York First published in 1988 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © Gwendolyn Leick 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Leick, Gwendolyn, 1951– A dictionary of ancient Near Eastern architecture. Bibliography: p. Architecture, Ancient—Middle East—Dictionaries. 2. Architecture—Middle East—Dictionaries. 3. Middle East—Antiquities—Dictionaries. I. Title. NA212.L45 1988 722'.5'03 87–23375 British Library CIP Data also available ISBN 0-203-04107-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-19965-0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-00240-0 (Print Edition) This book is dedicated to the memory of Walter Segal (1907–85) CONTENTS List of illustrations ix Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture 1 Alphabetical list of entries 249 Index 251 vii ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Abacus and papyri-form column from mortuary temple at Medinet-Habu (XIX Dynasty) 1 Palmiform capital from the sanctuary of Sahure (Abusir) 4 ‘Osireion’: cenotaph of Seti I (XIX Dynasty) 5 Columns and gate, Persepolis (photo Kurt Jaritz) 7 Egyptian altar, Karnak 11 Temple at Altintepe (photo Thomas Forbes) 11 Ambulatory, mamissi at Philae (Graeco-Roman period) 12 House in Ankara built in the traditional Anatolian manner 13 Ziggurat with restored baked-brick revetment, ‘Aqar Quf (photo Kurt Jaritz) 15 Megalithic arch, Boghazköy (Anatolia) 17 Architraves in the temple of Luxor (XVIII Dynasty) 20 Assur: ziggurat (photo Kurt Jaritz) 22 Nineveh: Shamash gate (photo Kurt Jaritz) 24 Babylon: Processional Way (photo Kurt Jaritz) 27 Babylon: in the palace of Nebukadrezzar (photo Kurt Jaritz) 29 Kiln for the fabrication of baked bricks, Luxor (Egypt) 30 Beni-Hasan: rock-cut tomb (Middle Kingdom) 33 Baked bricks set in bitumen (Babylon, palace of Nebukadrezzar) (photo Kurt Jaritz) 35 ‘Broad-room’, ‘Steinerner Bau’ (Stone Building) (Uruk IV) (photo Kurt Jaritz) 38 Buttresses on the retaining walls of the ziggurat at Choga Zanbil (restored) (photo Kurt Jaritz) 40 Hathor capital, Dendera (Graeco-Roman period) 42 Painted ceiling in a tomb at Western Thebes (New Kingdom) 45 Choga Zanbil: ziggurat (photo Kurt Jaritz) 48 Urartian citadel at Van (Anatolia) (photo Thomas Forbes) 49 Clerestory in the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (XIX Dynasty) 50 Colonnade of Amenophis III, temple of Luxor (XVIII Dynasty) 51 Papyrus-bud columns, court of Amenophis III, temple of Luxor (XVIII Dynasty) 51 Plant columns, Isis temple at Philae (Graeco-Roman period) 52 Assyrian columns and lion supports (palace relief, Nineveh) (photo by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum) 54 ix