A Concise History of Veterinary Medicine FromAyurvedictextstobotanicalmedicinestogenomics,ideasandexpertise about veterinary healing have circulated between cultures through travel, trade, and conflict. In this broad-ranging and accessible study spanning 400yearsofhistory,SusanD.JonesandPeterA.Koolmeespresentthefirst globalhistoryofveterinarymedicineandanimalhealing.Drawingoninter- disciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives, this book addresses how attitudestowardanimals,diseasecausationtheories,wars,problemsoffood insecurity, and the professionalization and spread of European veterinary education haveshapednew domains for animal healing,suchas preventive medicine in intensive animal agriculture and the need for veterinarians specializing in zoo animals, wildlife, and pets. It concludes by considering the politicization of animal protection, changes in the global veterinary workforce, and concerns about disease and climate change. As mediators between humans and animals, veterinarians and other animal healers have both shapedandbeen shapedbythe social, cultural, andeconomic roles of animalsovertime. susan d. jones isaDistinguishedMcKnightUniversityProfessoratthe UniversityofMinnesotaandatrainedveterinarianandhistorian.Alongwith her co-author, Peter A. Koolmees, she served as co-president of the World AssociationfortheHistoryofVeterinaryMedicine,2008–2014. emeritus professor peter a. koolmees is a member of the Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the HumanitiesofUtrechtUniversityandatrainedBScandhistorian.Heserved as president in 2000–2004, and co-president in 2008–2014, of the World AssociationfortheHistoryofVeterinaryMedicine. Published online by Cambridge University Press New Approaches to theHistory ofScience and Medicine Thisdynamicnewseriespublishesconcisebutauthoritativesurveysonthekeythemes andproblemsinthehistoryofscienceandmedicine.Booksintheseriesarewrittenby established scholars at a level and length accessible to students and general readers, introducingandengagingmajorquestionsofhistoricalanalysisanddebate. OtherBooksintheSeries SusanD.JonesandPeterA.Koolmees,AConciseHistoryofVeterinaryMedicine MarkA.Waddell,Magic,Science,andReligioninEarlyModernEurope BarbaraHahn,TechnologyintheIndustrialRevolution JohnGascoigne,ScienceandtheState:FromtheScientificRevolutiontoWorldWarII Published online by Cambridge University Press A Concise History of Veterinary Medicine Susan D. Jones UniversityofMinnesota Peter A. Koolmees UtrechtUniversity Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108420631 DOI:10.1017/9781108354929 ©SusanD.JonesandPeterA.Koolmees2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-108-42063-1Hardback ISBN978-1-108-43070-8Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents List of Illustrations page vi List of Tables xii Note on Translations xiii Preface xv Introduction: Human–Animal Relationships and theNeed for VeterinaryMedicine 1 1 Animal Healingin Sacred Societies, 1500–1700 13 2 Animal Healingin Trade and Conquest,1700–1850s 39 3 FormalEducation for Animal Healing:From Riding Schools toVeterinary Schools, 1700–1850 86 4 Veterinary Institutionsand Animal Plagues,1800–1900 134 5 Veterinary Medicine inWar and Peace, 1900–1960 202 6 Food, Animals,and Veterinary Care ina Changing World, 1960–2000 276 7 Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 2000–2020 329 Epilogue:Veterinary Medicine inthe Postmodern World 369 Appendix A Spread of Veterinary Educational Institutions around the Globe (List oftheFirst Veterinary School Established inSelected Nations, 1762–1960s) 375 Appendix B TableofLearning Objectives 378 Appendix C Key to Main Topics for Use in the Veterinary Curriculum 379 Further Reading 380 Index 398 v Published online by Cambridge University Press Illustrations 1.1 Diagram with acupuncturepointson the bodyof thehorse. Source: Ma NiuI Fang (China, 1399 CE); reproduced in Lu Gwei-Djen & Joseph Needham, Celestial Lancets. A History and RationaleofAcupunctureand Moxa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980) 238. page 17 1.2 Egyptian tomb reliefdepictingveterinary care during delivery. Remarkably, thecowisina standingposition.It also shows a division betweenhands-on work by an operator while anexperienced herdsman instructs.The accompanying text says: “Herdsman, catch gently” (Egypt, OldKingdom, 1990–1970BCE). Source: A.M. Blackman, The RockTombs ofMeir.Vol 1 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1914) Table X,detail; text p.33. 21 1.3 Scheme of humoral theorywithhumorsand temperaments, elements and qualities.Courtesy: Lisanne vander Voort, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. 23 1.4 Treatment ofa horse withdiarrhea.A drugis administered witha horn. Source: Fourteenth-century copy ofCorpus Hippiatricorum Graecorum. Courtesy:Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris,Ms Gr. 2244, folio 74v. 27 1.5 Woodcut plate from CarloRuini, Anatomia delcavallo, infermità, et suoi rimedii(Venice: F. Prati, 1618) 243. Courtesy: U.S. National Library of Medicine Historical Anatomies Collection, www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/ historicalanatomies/Images/1200_pixels/ruini_p243.jpg. 33 2.1 Map showingthe NewWorld, theAtlantic,and Western Africa with arrows indicatingthe exchanges ofanimals and knowledge. Courtesy: Lisanne vande Voort,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. 41 2.2 Eye operation ona horse. Source: Shalihotra Samhita [treatise on horses] India eighteenth century. Courtesy: Wellcome Library, LondonIllustration and Text vi Published online by Cambridge University Press ListofIllustrations vii eighteenth Century Collection: Asian Collection. Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK: https://wellcomecollection.org/works/bbvup8ka 46 2.3 Emperor Akbar training anelephant. Miniaturder Moghulschule, India,datedcirca 1609–1610.Courtesy: StaatlicheMuseen zu Berlin – Museumfür islamische Kunst. 47 2.4 The Yi-ma ornorthern Chinese horse-doctor, Mantchu Tartary. Note the useof drenching,using ahorn to administer oral medication, while theYi-ma’s assistant carries thenecessary instruments and ingredients. Source: George Fleming, Travelson Horseback in Mantchu Tartary(London: Hurstand Blackett,1863) 406. 50 2.5 New Year’s print about rinderpest. Amsterdam 1745.Courtesy: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, RP-P-OB-83.843,publicdomain. 66 2.6 Representations of battle wounds inveterinary textswere modeledafter those inbooks about human medicine and anatomy.On theleft isthe “Wundenmann [WoundsMan],” Strasbourg, German, 1530.On theright, the “Wundernpherd” [Wounds Horse],” German, 1683.Source: “Wundenmann [Wounds Man],”Hans vonGersdorff, Feldtbuch der Wundartzney (Augsburg,H. Stayner,1542) 17;public domain. Source: “Wundenpferd [WoundsHorse],” Johannes Carlyburger, Rossarzneihandschrift 1683.Courtesy: Dr. Veronika Goebel, Bibliothek des Institutsfür Paläoanatomie, DomestikationsforschungundGeschichte der Tiermedizin der LMU München, IPGTM Hs germ.1, p. 63. 82 3.1 The geometrical proportions ofthe horse. Source: Claude Bourgelat, Élémens d’hippiatrique (Lyon: H.Declaustre and les frères Duplain, 1750–1753), Vol. 1, 476. 89 3.2 Imageof the “defective” horse. Source: L.W.F.van Oebschelwitz, De Nederlandsche stalmeester (‘sGravenhage: Van Kleef,1763) 91, plate II. 92 3.3 Plate illustrating trepanation of thesinus maxillaris, which became aregular surgery in theeighteenth century. Source: L.W.F. van Oebschelwitz, De Nederlandsche stalmeester (‘sGravenhage: Van Kleef, 1763) 238, plateVI. 93 3.4 Shoeing-smith, Korea, eighteenthcentury.Painting by Cho Yong-Seok (1686–1761). Courtesy: Prof. Myung-Sun Chun,College ofVeterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea.National Museumof Korea, Seoul, reg. no.:Dogwon-2307. 96 Published online by Cambridge University Press viii ListofIllustrations 3.5 The competitors: Claude Bourgelat(1712–1779) and Philippe Étienne Lafosse (1738–1820). Source: stipple engraving by FrançoisPigeot, Courtesy: Wellcome Library London Digital Image no. 1298i. Philippe Étienne Lafosse (1738–1820).Source: Line engraving by Michelafter Harguinier, Courtesy: Wellcome Library London Digital Image no. 5197i. 102 4.1 Tailinoculation according to Belgian physician LouisWillems (1822–1907),Cologne, Germany, 1854. Source: C.Th. Sticker, Die Lungenseuche desRindviehs und diedagegen anzuwendende Impfung (Köln 1854), attached plate. Courtesy: Library, University of VeterinaryMedicine Hannover, Germany. 149 4.2 DanielElmer Salmon (1850–1914), thefirst American who was granted a DVM degree (from Cornell in1876) inthe UnitedStates.First director of theBureauof Animal Industry, U.S. Department ofAgriculture. The bacterial genus Salmonella was named in his honor. Source: Public domain, Library of Congress (USA). 161 4.3 Bacteriological meat research atthe Amsterdam abattoir laboratory in 1900 byveterinarian Dirk van derSluijs (1849–1923)and his assistant. Courtesy:Collection Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Museum, 0285-151480. 165 4.4 British veterinarian and inventor John Gamgee (1831–1894). He initiated thefirst internationalcongressfor veterinarians in 1863in Hamburg. Source: Reinhard Froehner, Kulturgeschichte der Tierheilkunde:ein Handbuchfür Tierärzte undStudierende. Band 2: Geschichte des Veterinärwesens im Ausland (Konstanz:Terra, 1952)110. 168 4.5 Portrait of Jotello Festiri Soga (1865–1906), first SouthAfrican to graduate from a veterinary school, and first Black South African employedbythe Cape Colony civil service. Soga combined Xhosa knowledge with European scienceto elucidate the role of toxic plants incausing diseasesingrazing livestock during the1890s. Publicdomain. 174 4.6 LouisPasteur’svaccinationagainstanthrax during a trial in Pouilly-le-Fort onMay 31, 1881. Source: L’Illustration, November 3, 1881. 188 4.7 Poster ofClinique Chéron inParis from 1905 inart nouveau styleby T.A. Steinlen(1859–1923). Courtesy:Rijksmuseum Amsterdam RP-P-1968-308, public domain. 197 Published online by Cambridge University Press ListofIllustrations ix 5.1 Graphshowinghorse population (in million)in Britain*, Canada*,France,Germany#,and the United States (right y-axis) in theperiod1870–1980.(*Onlyfarm horses, #non-military use.) Sources: Wilfried Brade, ‘Die deutscheReitpferdezucht – aktueller Stand undwirtschaftliche Bedeutung’, Berichte über Landwirtschaft– Zeitschrift für Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft 91 (2013) 1:2; G.K. Crossman, The OrganisationalLandscape of theEnglishHorseIndustry: AContrast with Sweden andthe Netherlands,thesisUniv.Exeter 2010) Fig.2.2;J.P. Digard, Une histoire du cheval.Art,techniques,société(Arles: Actes Sud, 2004); Emily R. Kilby, ‘The demographics of the U.S. equine population’,in D.J. Salem andA.N. Rowan (Eds.), The state ofthe animals 2007(Washington, DC: Humane SocietyPress, 2007), p. 176; F.M.L.Thompson, Horses in European economic history. Apreliminary canter (Reading:British Agricultural History Society, 1983), p. 59. Courtesy: Monique TersteegB.Sc. Departmentof Population Health Sciences,Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. 205 5.2 Graphshowingthe tipping point ofhorses (in millions) replacementby tractors ((cid:1)1000) inCanadaandthe United Statesin theperiod 1920–1980. Source: William J. White, “Economic History of Tractorsin theUnited States,” EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. March 26,2008;Darrin Qualman: www.darrinqualman.com/high-input-agriculture/canada- tractor-numbers-and-horse-numbers-historic-1910-to-1980/ Courtesy: Monique Tersteeg B.Sc. Department ofPopulation Health Sciences, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, Utrecht University. 210 5.3 Bacteriologist Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975) working in theU.S. Agricultural Department laboratory c.1915. Source: NationalPhoto Company, portrait c. 1915. 225 5.4 French soldier handling a war dog, both withgas masks, after the German Army started using poisonousgas in1917. Source: Le Miroir 7 (1917) No. 183, May27,cover. 238 5.5 The animalworldsalutes Hermann Göring. Cartoon in Kladderadatsch, September3, 1933. 252 5.6 “Rabies Inoculation Week” and“Military Group Activity for Rabies Prevention Propaganda,” Osaka District, Japan, 1926. Source: 日本帝国家畜伝染病予防史. 大正・昭和 第1篇 [Historyof Preventionof LivestockInfectious Diseases of the Japanese Empire. Taisho / Showa Vol.1] Published online by Cambridge University Press