A Concise History of Brazil, Second Edition The second edition of A Concise History of Brazil offers a sweep- ing yet accessible history of Latin America’s largest country. Boris FaustoexaminesBrazil’shistoryfromthearrivalofthePortuguese intheNewWorldthroughthelongandsometimesrockytransition fromindependencein1822todemocracyinthetwentiethcentury. In a completely new chapter, his son Sergio Fausto, a prominent political scientist, brings the history up to the present, focusing on Brazil’sincreasingglobaleconomicimportanceaswellasitscontin- ued democratic development and the challenges the country faces tomeetthehigherexpectationsofitspeople. BorisFaustoisarenownedBrazilianhistorianandpoliticalscientist. He is a retired professor of political science at the University of Sa˜oPaulo. Sergio Fausto is a political scientist and executive director of the FernandoHenriqueCardosoInstitute,aBrazilianthinktank. A Concise History of Brazil, Second Edition BORIS FAUSTO Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo With contributions by SERGIO FAUSTO Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso Translated by Arthur Brakel 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107635241 (cid:2)C BorisFausto1999 (cid:2)C BorisFaustoandSergioFausto2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firsteditionpublished1999 Secondeditionpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Fausto,Boris,1930– [HistoriaconcisadoBrasil.English] AconcisehistoryofBrazil/BorisFausto;translatedby ArthurBrakel.–Secondedition. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-03620-8(hardback)–isbn978-1-107-63524-1(pbk.) 1.Brazil–History. I.Brakel,Arthur. II.Title. f2521.f33213 2014 981–dc23 2014006977 isbn978-1-107-03620-8Hardback isbn978-1-107-63524-1Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof urlsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. ToCyniraStoccoFausto,inmemoriam CONTENTS ListofMaps pagexi Preface xiii 1 colonial brazil (1500–1822) 1 1.1 OverseasExpansionandthePortuguese ArrivalinBrazil 1 1.2 TheIndians 7 1.3 Colonization 9 1.4 ColonialSociety 25 1.5 EconomicActivities 34 1.6 TheIberianUnionandItsImpactonBrazil 40 1.7 ColonizationofthePeriphery 44 1.8 BandeiraExpeditionsandPaulistaSociety 47 1.9 TheCrisisintheColonialSystem 54 1.10 RebelMovementsandNational Consciousness 59 1.11 BrazilattheEndoftheColonialPeriod 72 2 imperial brazil (1822–1889) 75 2.1 ConsolidatingIndependenceandBuilding theState 75 2.2 TheSecondEmpire 94 2.3 SocioeconomicStructureandSlavery 101 2.4 ModernizationandtheExpansionofCoffee 109 vii viii Contents 2.5 TheBeginningofLarge-ScaleImmigration 114 2.6 TheParaguayanWar 117 2.7 CrisesoftheSecondEmpire 124 2.8 TheRepublicanMovement 130 2.9 TheFalloftheMonarchy 136 2.10 EconomyandDemography 137 3 the first republic (1889–1930) 144 3.1 YearsofConsolidation 144 3.2 OligarchiesandColonels 153 3.3 RelationsBetweentheStatesandtheUnion 156 3.4 SocioeconomicChanges 162 3.5 SocialMovements 174 3.6 ThePoliticalProcessDuringthe1920s 178 3.7 The1930Revolution 186 4 the vargas state (1930–1945) 193 4.1 GovernmentAction 193 4.2 ThePoliticalProcess 198 4.3 TheEstadoNovo 210 4.4 TheEndoftheEstadoNovo 223 4.5 TheSocioeconomicSituation 228 5 the democratic experiment (1945–1964) 231 5.1 TheElectionsandtheNewConstitution 231 5.2 TheReturnofVargas 236 5.3 Vargas’sFall 242 5.4 FromNationalismtoDevelopmentism 246 6 the military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984) 273 6.1 ConservativeModernization 273 6.2 PoliticalClosureandArmedStruggle 280 6.3 TheProcessesofPoliticalLiberalization 288 6.4 TheGeneralFrameworkofthePeriodfrom 1950to1980 312 7 modernization under democracy (1985–2010) 324 7.1 Introduction 324