A Comprehensive Guide to Music Therapy of related interest Clinical Applications of Music Therapy in Psychiatry Edited by Tony Wigram and Jos De Backer ISBN 1 85302 733 2 Clinical Applications of Music Therapy in Developmental Disability, Paediatrics and Neurology Edited by Tony Wigram and Jos De Backer ISBN 1 85302 734 0 Music Therapy in Health and Education Edited by Margaret Heal and Tony Wigram ISBN 1 85302 175 X Analytical Music Therapy Edited by Johannes Th. Eschen ISBN 1 84310 058 4 Music Therapy – Intimate Notes Mercédèss Pavlicevic ISBN 1 85302 692 1 Music for Life Aspects of Creative Music Therapy with Adult Clients Gary Ansdell ISBN 1 85302 299 3 pb ISBN 1 85302 300 0 CD A Comprehensive Guide to Music Therapy Theory, Clinical Practice, Research and Training Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Lars Ole Bonde Jessica Kingsley Publishers London and Philadelphia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher. Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work may result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution. The right of Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Lars Ole Bonde, to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published in Danish in 2001 under the title of Musikterapi: Når Ord Ikke Slår Til – En håndbog I musikterapiens teori og praksis I Danmark by Klim, Århus. First published in the United Kingdom in 2002 by Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd 116 Pentonville Road London N1 9JB, England and 400 Market Street, Suite 400 Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA www.jkp.com Copyright © Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Lars Ole Bonde 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wigram, Tony. [Musikterapi. English] A comprehensive guide to music therapy : theory, clinical practice, research, and training / Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen, and Lars Ole Bonde. p. cm. Translation of: Musikterapi: når ord ikke slår til. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 1-84310-083-5 (alk. paper) 1. Music therapy. I. Pedersen, Inge Nygaard. II. Bonde, Lars Ole. III. Title. ML3920.W5213 2002 615.8’5154--dc21 2002034099 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 9781846423499 ISBN-10: 1 84310 083 5 Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear Table of Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 8 Foreword 9 Introduction 11 Chapter 1 Introduction to Music Therapy 17 1.1 Music Therapy – A Historical Perspective 1.2 Definitions of Music Therapy 1.3 A Therapeutic Understanding of Music Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Music Therapy 45 2.1 The Psychology of Music 2.2 Theory of Therapy and Psychotherapy 2.3 Analytical, Psychodynamic and Transpersonal Theories 2.4 Music as Analogy and Metaphor Chapter 3 Models and Methods of Music Therapy 113 Introduction: Music Therapy Models from an International Perspective 3.1 Guided Imagery and Music – The Bonny Model 3.2 Analytically Oriented Music Therapy – The Priestley Model 3.3 Creative Music Therapy – The Nordoff-Robbins Model 3.4 Free Improvisation Therapy – The Alvin Model 3.5 Behavioural Music Therapy 3.6 Physiological Responses to Music 3.7 Music in Medicine 3.8 Music and Healing Chapter 4 Music Therapy in Clinical Practice 151 Introduction: Referral Criteria and Clinical Practice in Music Therapy 4.1 Music Therapy with Psychiatric Clients 4.2 Music Therapy with Physically and/or Developmentally Delayed Clients 4.3 Music Therapy with Paediatric Clients 4.4 Music Therapy for Children with Communication Disorders (Ulla Holck) 4.5 Music Therapy with Older Adults (Hanne Mette Ochsner Ridder) 4.6 Music Therapy as Milieu Therapy, Social Treatment and Self-Management 4.7 Music Therapy for Self-Development 4.8 International Perspectives in Clinical Areas Chapter 5 Music Therapy Research and Clinical Assessment 221 5.1 Research in Music Therapy – An Overview 5.2 Development of a Research Training Program – The Aalborg University Model with Examples from Research Studies 5.3 Assessment and Clinical Evaluation in Music Therapy 5.4 Evidence Based Practice in Music Therapy Chapter 6 Music Therapy Training – A European Bachelor’s/Master’s Model 267 Introduction: The Training of a Music Therapist 6.1 The Music Therapy Program at Aalborg University 6.2 Entrance Examinations 6.3 Musical Skills in Music Therapy 6.4 Theoretical and Analytical Studies 6.5 Experiential Training in Music Therapy – the Self-Experience Element 6.6 Clinical Training and Clinical Placements Chapter 7 Professional and Technical Resources 293 7.1 National and International Co-operation 7.2 Journals of Music Therapy 7.3 Music Therapy and the Internet 7.4 Books and CD-ROMS Chapter 8 A Glossary and Lexicon of Music Therapy 315 Bibliography 327 Contents of Music CD 359 Contents of CD-ROM 361 Mini Biographies of the Authors 364 Subject Index 369 Author Index 381 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Artes Liberales 19 Figure 1.2: Pythagoras – the four fields 20 Figure 1.3: Gaffurius 26 Figure 1.4: Dileo’s Music therapy levels of intervention compared with levels of intervention in the treatment of pain 32–3 Figure 1.5: The relationship between music therapy and music education – a continuum 35 Figure 1.6: The six dynamic models of music therapy 41 Figure 2.1: The outer ear and middle ear 50 Figure 2.2: The inner ear 51 Figure 2.3: Medial view of the brain, showing brain stem, limbic cortex and cerebral cortex 52 Figure 2.4: Hevner’s ‘Mood Wheel’ (revised version). Category 7 is an addition that allows the inclusion of forms of popular music (Bonde 1997) 59 Figure 2.5: Bonny’s ‘Cut Log’ diagram 70 Figure 2.6: Wilber’s spectrum model. Position between mental structure, fulcrums, psychopathology and forms of treatment (from Grace and Grit, p.184) 91 Figure 2.7: Wilber’s quadrant model 94 Figure 2.8: Musical parameters as metaphor 100–1 Figure 4.1: Art pictures from a patient in therapy 164–7 List of Tables Table 3.1: Musical parameters of relaxing music compared with anxioalgolytic music 144 Table 5.1: General categorization of articles in five music therapy journals (1987–1991) (Wigram 1993a) 230 Table 5.2: Percentage of articles falling into research, clinical and other categories in three music therapy journals between 1998 and 2001 231 Table 5.3: Forms of assessment and evaluation 247 Table 5.4: Data gathering in assessment and evaluation 248 Table 5.5: Table showing the events in therapy, response and interaction of Joel, and the expectations of therapy 254–6 Table 5.6: Hierarchical structure for Evidence Based Practice, and its relationship to music therapy research and clinical records 261 Table 7.1: Results of a general search and three specific searches in seven databases 305