Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_1_pre_toc FinalProof page 1 25.11.2005 10:28am A Companion to Walt Whitman Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_1_pre_toc FinalProof page 2 25.11.2005 10:28am Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture Thisseriesofferscomprehensive,newlywrittensurveysofkeyperiodsandmovements and certain major authors, in English literary culture and history. Extensive volumes provide new perspectives and positions on contexts and on canonical and post- canonical texts,orientating the beginning student in new fields of studyand provid- ingtheexperiencedundergraduateandnewgraduatewithcurrentandnewdirections, as pioneered and developed by leading scholars in the field. Published 1. ACompaniontoRomanticism EditedbyDuncanWu 2. ACompaniontoVictorianLiteratureandCulture EditedbyHerbertF.Tucker 3. ACompaniontoShakespeare EditedbyDavidScottKastan 4. ACompaniontotheGothic EditedbyDavidPunter 5. AFeministCompaniontoShakespeare EditedbyDympnaCallaghan 6. ACompaniontoChaucer EditedbyPeterBrown 7. ACompaniontoLiteraturefromMiltontoBlake EditedbyDavidWomersley 8. ACompaniontoEnglishRenaissanceLiteratureandCulture EditedbyMichaelHattaway 9. ACompaniontoMilton EditedbyThomasN.Corns 10. ACompaniontoTwentieth-CenturyPoetry EditedbyNeilRoberts 11. ACompaniontoAnglo-SaxonLiteratureandCulture EditedbyPhillipPulsianoandElaineTreharne 12. ACompaniontoRestorationDrama EditedbySusanJ.Owen 13. ACompaniontoEarlyModernWomen’sWriting EditedbyAnitaPacheco 14. ACompaniontoRenaissanceDrama EditedbyArthurF.Kinney 15. ACompaniontoVictorianPoetry EditedbyRichardCronin,AlisonChapman,andAntonyH.Harrison 16. ACompaniontotheVictorianNovel EditedbyPatrickBrantlingerandWilliamB.Thesing 17–20.ACompaniontoShakespeare’sWorks:VolumesI–IV EditedbyRichardDuttonandJeanE.Howard 21. ACompaniontotheRegionalLiteraturesofAmerica EditedbyCharlesL.Crow 22. ACompaniontoRhetoricandRhetoricalCriticism EditedbyWalterJostandWendyOlmsted 23. ACompaniontotheLiteratureandCultureoftheAmericanSouth EditedbyRichardGrayandOwenRobinson 24. ACompaniontoAmericanFiction1780–1865 EditedbyShirleySamuels 25. ACompaniontoAmericanFiction1865–1914 EditedbyRobertPaulLambandG.R.Thompson 26. ACompaniontoDigitalHumanities EditedbySusanSchreibman,RaySiemens,andJohnUnsworth 27. ACompaniontoRomance EditedbyCorinneSaunders 28. ACompaniontotheBritishandIrishNovel1945–2000 EditedbyBrianW.Shaffer 29. ACompaniontoTwentieth-CenturyAmericanDrama EditedbyDavidKrasner 30. ACompaniontotheEighteenth-Century EnglishNovelandCulture EditedbyPaulaR.BackscheiderandCatherineIngrassia 31. ACompaniontoOldNorse-IcelandicLiteratureandCulture EditedbyRoryMcTurk 32. ACompaniontoTragedy EditedbyRebeccaBushnell 33. ACompaniontoNarrativeTheory EditedbyJamesPhelanandPeterJ.Rabinowitz 34. ACompaniontoScienceFiction EditedbyDavidSeed 35. ACompaniontotheLiteraturesofColonialAmerica EditedbySusanCastilloandIvySchweitzer 36. ACompaniontoShakespeareandPerformance EditedbyBarbaraHodgdonandW.B.Worthen 37. ACompaniontoMarkTwain EditedbyPeterMessentandLouisJ.Budd 38. ACompaniontoEuropeanRomanticism EditedbyMichaelK.Ferber 39. ACompaniontoModernistLiteratureandCulture EditedbyDavidBradshawandKevinJ.H.Dettmar 40. ACompaniontoWaltWhitman EditedbyDonaldD.Kummings Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_1_pre_toc FinalProof page 3 25.11.2005 10:28am A C O M P A N I O N T O W W ALT HITMAN EDITED BY DONALD D. KUMMINGS Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_1_pre_toc FinalProof page 4 25.11.2005 10:28am (cid:1)2006byBlackwellPublishingLtd exceptforeditorialmaterialandorganization(cid:1)2006byDonaldD.Kummings BLACKWELLPUBLISHING 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK 550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia TherightofDonaldD.KummingstobeidentifiedastheAuthoroftheEditorialMaterialinthis WorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988,withoutthe priorpermissionofthepublisher. Firstpublished2006byBlackwellPublishingLtd 12006 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcompaniontoWaltWhitman/editedbyDonaldD.Kummings. p.cm.—(Blackwellcompanionstoliteratureandculture;40) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-2093-7(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-2093-2(hardcover:alk.paper) 1. Whitman, Walt, 1819–1892—Criticism and interpretation—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Kummings,DonaldD.II.Series. PS3238.C572006 811’.3—dc22 2005017017 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin11on13ptGaramond bySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundinIndia byReplikaPressPvt.Ltd,Kundli The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboardused havemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards. Forfurtherinformationon BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_1_pre_toc FinalProof page 5 25.11.2005 10:28am To Jeremy, Jill, William, and Eamon Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_2_toc FinalProof page 6 28.11.2005 6:41am Contents Notes on Contributors ix List of Illustrations xiv Abbreviations of Standard Whitman Works xvi Introduction 1 Donald D. Kummings Part I: The Life 9 1 Whitman’s Life and Work, 1819–92 11 Gregory Eiselein Part II: The Cultural Context 27 2 Journalism 29 Douglas A. Noverr 3 The City 42 William Pannapacker 4 Labor and Laborers 60 M. Wynn Thomas 5 Politics 76 Gary Wihl 6 Oratory 87 J. R. LeMaster 7 Slavery and Race 101 Martin Klammer 8 Nation and Identity 122 Eldrid Herrington Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_2_toc FinalProof page 7 28.11.2005 6:41am Contents vii 9 ATheory of Organic Democracy 136 Stephen John Mack 10 Imperialism 151 Walter Gru¨nzweig 11 Sexuality 164 Maire Mullins 12 Gender 180 Sherry Ceniza 13 Religion and the Poet-Prophet 197 David Kuebrich 14 Science and Pseudoscience 216 Harold Aspiz 15 Nineteenth-century Popular Culture 233 Brett Barney 16 Opera and Other Kinds of Music 257 Kathy Rugoff 17 Nineteenth-century Visual Culture 272 Ed Folsom 18 Civil War 290 Luke Mancuso 19 Nature 311 M. Jimmie Killingsworth 20 Death and the Afterlife 325 William J. Scheick 21 Twentieth-century Mass Media Appearances 341 Andrew Jewell and Kenneth M. Price Part III: The Literary Context 359 22 Language 361 Tyler Hoffman 23 Style 377 James Perrin Warren 24 Literary Contemporaries 392 Joann P. Krieg 25 The Publishing History of Leaves of Grass 409 Amanda Gailey 26 The Poet’s Reception and Legacy 439 Andrew C. Higgins Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_2_toc FinalProof page 8 28.11.2005 6:41am viii Contents Part IV: Texts 455 Works of Poetry 456 27 The First (1855) Edition of Leaves of Grass 457 Edward Whitley 28 ‘‘Song of Myself’’ 471 Kerry C. Larson 29 ‘‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’’ 484 James Dougherty 30 ‘‘Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking’’ 496 Howard Nelson 31 ‘‘Live Oak, with Moss,’’ ‘‘Calamus,’’ and ‘‘Children of Adam’’ 508 Steven Olsen-Smith 32 Civil War Poems in ‘‘Drum-Taps’’ and ‘‘Memories of President Lincoln’’ 522 Ted Genoways Prose Works 539 33 Democratic Vistas 540 Robert Leigh Davis 34 Specimen Days 553 Martin G. Murray 35 The Prose Writings: Selected Secondary Sources 566 Donald D. Kummings Index 588 Kummings/CompaniontoWaltWhitman 1405120932_3_posttoc FinalProof page 9 28.11.2005 6:42am Notes on Contributors HaroldAspiz,ProfessorEmeritusofEnglishatCaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach, has authored many studies of nineteenth-century American literature, particularly on Walt Whitman, including two pioneering books – Walt Whitman and the Body Beautiful (1980) and So Long! Walt Whitman’s Poetry of Death (2004). Brett Barney is Research Assistant Professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s Center for Digital Research in the Humanities. He is also Project Manager for the Walt WhitmanArchive (www.whitmanarchive.org), where his current project, ‘‘An Edition of All Known Whitman Interviews,’’ will be published. Sherry Ceniza, Associate Professor Emeritus at Texas Tech University, now lives in Brooklyn,NewYork.SheistheauthorofWaltWhitmanand19th-CenturyWomenReformers (1998). RobertLeighDavisisAssociateProfessorofEnglishatWittenbergUniversity,Spring- field,Ohio.Anaward-winningteacher,ProfessorDavisteachescoursesonnineteenth-and twentieth-century American literature and directs Wittenberg’s First-Year Seminar Pro- gram. His book on Whitman’s career as a Civil War nurse, Whitman and the Romance of Medicine (1997), was published by the University of California Press. James Dougherty is Professor Emeritus of English at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana,andeditorofReligion&Literature.HehaswrittenWaltWhitmanandtheCitizen’s Eye (1992), The Fivesquare City (1980), and essays on twentieth-century poets and on the city as a symbol in literature, painting, and architectural design. Gregory Eiselein is Professor of English at Kansas State University, where he teaches Americanliterature and culturalstudies. His books include Literature and Humanitarian- ism in the Civil War Era and two editions of the works of nineteenth-century American poets,EmmaLazarus:SelectedPoemsandOtherWritingsandAdahIsaacsMenken:Infeliciaand Other Writings. With Anne Phillips, he edited The Louisa May Alcott Encyclopedia and the Norton Critical Edition of Little Women. EdFolsomistheeditoroftheWaltWhitmanQuarterlyReview,codirectoroftheWhitman Archive, and editor of the Whitman Series at the University of Iowa Press. Carver Professor of English at the University of Iowa, he is the author or editor of numerous