A COMPANION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Volume I BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between 25 and 40 concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audi- ence of scholars, students, and general readers. Ancient History A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden Published A Companion to the Classical Tradition A Companion to the Roman Army Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf Edited by Paul Erdkamp A Companion to Roman Rhetoric A Companion to the Roman Republic Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Ryan K. Balot Edited by Philip Rousseau A Companion to Ovid A Companion to Ancient History Edited by Peter E. Knox Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Egbert Bakker Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees A Companion to Hellenistic Literature Edited by Martine Cuypers and A Companion to Julius Caesar James J. Clauss Edited by Miriam Griffin A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its A Companion to Byzantium Tradition Edited by Liz James Edited by Joseph Farrell and A Companion to Ancient Egypt Michael C. J. Putnam Edited by Alan B. Lloyd A Companion to Horace A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Edited by Gregson Davis Edited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington A Companion to Families in the Greek and A Companion to the Punic Wars Roman Worlds Edited by Dexter Hoyos Edited by Beryl Rawson A Companion to Greek Mythology LiterAture And cuLture Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone Published A Companion to the Latin Language Edited by James Clackson A Companion to Classical Receptions Edited by Lorna Hardwick and A Companion to Tacitus Christopher Stray Edited by Victoria Emma Pagán A Companion to Greek and Roman A Companion to Women in the Ancient World Historiography Edited by Sharon L. James and Sheila Dillon Edited by John Marincola A Companion to Sophocles A Companion to Catullus Edited by Kirk Ormand Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner A Companion to the Archaeology of the A Companion to Roman Religion Ancient Near East Edited by Jörg Rüpke Edited by D.T. Potts A COMPANION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Volume I Edited by D.T. Potts A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2012 © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. The right of D.T. Potts to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East / edited by D.T. Potts. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8988-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Archaeology–Middle East. 2. Middle East– Antiquities. 3. Middle East–Civilization–To 622. I. Potts, Daniel T. DS56.C585 2012 939'.4–dc23 2011034988 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5/13 pt Galliard by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2012 Contents VOLUME I List of Illustrations x List of Tables xvii Notes on Contributors xviii Preface xxviii Maps xxxii I The Framework 1 1 Introduction to Geography, Climate, Topography, and Hydrology 3 T.J. Wilkinson 2 Antiquarianism, Copying, Collecting 27 Mark B. Garrison 3 Early Excavations (pre-1914) 48 Nicole Chevalier 4 The Foundations of Antiquities Departments 70 Peter Magee 5 The Political Dimension of Archaeological Practices 87 Reinhard Bernbeck vi Contents 6 The Antiquities Trade and the Destruction of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 106 Oscar White Muscarella II Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers 125 7 The Levant 127 Alan H. Simmons 8 Anatolia 144 Klaus Schmidt III Developments in Farming, Animal Husbandry, and Technology 161 9 The Beginnings of Cereal Cultivation and Domestication in Southwest Asia 163 George Willcox 10 Fruit-Growing 181 Margareta Tengberg 11 Animals in the Ancient World 201 Benjamin S. Arbuckle 12 Fish and Fishing 220 D.T. Potts 13 Lithic Industries During the Holocene Period 236 Steven A. Rosen 14 Irrigation 261 Ariel M. Bagg 15 Ceramic Production 279 Cameron A. Petrie 16 Metallurgy 295 Lloyd Weeks 17 Glass 317 Wendy Reade 18 Textiles 336 Irene Good Contents vii 19 Watercraft 347 R.A. Carter IV Varieties of Early Village and Town Life 373 20 The Northern Levant 375 Karin Bartl 21 The Southern Levant 396 E.B. Banning 22 Northern Mesopotamia 415 Stuart Campbell 23 The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000–4000 bc 431 Douglas Baird 24 Southern Mesopotamia 466 Joan Oates 25 The Arabian Peninsula 485 Philipp Drechsler 26 The Iranian Plateau 501 Barbara Helwing 27 Southwestern Iran 512 Abbas Moghaddam V Bronze Age Cities of the Plains and the Highlands 531 28 Southern Mesopotamia 533 Jason Ur 29 Northern Mesopotamia 556 Timothy Matney 30 The Anatolian Plateau 575 Christoph Bachhuber 31 Iran 596 Christopher P. Thornton 32 The Northern Levant 607 Hermann Genz 33 The Southern Levant 629 Timothy P. Harrison viii Contents VOLUME II List of Illustrations x List of Tables xii Maps xiii VI The Archaeology of Empire 647 34 The Akkadian Period: Empire, Environment, and Imagination 649 Augusta McMahon 35 The Caucasus and the Near East 668 Adam T. Smith 36 Central Asia, the Steppe, and the Near East, 2500–1500 bc 687 Michael D. Frachetti and Lynne M. Rouse 37 The Ur III, Old Babylonian, and Kassite Empires 706 Marlies Heinz 38 The Hittite Empire 722 Trevor Bryce 39 Elam: Iran’s First Empire 740 Javier Álvarez-Mon 40 India’s Relations with Western Empires, 2300–600 bc 758 Gregory L. Possehl 41 Levantine Kingdoms of the Late Bronze Age 770 Peter Pfälzner 42 Neo-Hittite and Phrygian Kingdoms of North Syria and Anatolia 797 Ann C. Gunter 43 North Arabian Kingdoms 816 Arnulf Hausleiter 44 Egypt and the Near East 833 Thomas Hikade 45 The Assyrian Heartland 851 Friedhelm Pedde 46 The Assyrians Abroad 867 Bradley J. Parker