A COMPANION TO THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classi- cal literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty- five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, stu- dents, and general readers. ANCIENT HISTORY A Companion to the Classical Tradition Published Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf A Companion to Roman Rhetoric A Companion to the Roman Army Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall Edited by Paul Erdkamp A Companion to Greek Rhetoric A Companion to the Roman Republic Edited by Ian Worthington Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert M orstein-Marx A Companion to Ancient Epic A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by David S. Potter Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to the Classical Greek World A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Philip Rousseau A Companion to Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox A Companion to Ancient History Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language Edited by Egbert Bakker A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees A Companion to Hellenistic Literature Edited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss A Companion to Julius Caesar Edited by Miriam Griffin A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its Tradition A Companion to Byzantium Edited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. Putnam Edited by Liz James A Companion to Horace In preparation Edited by Gregson Davis A Companion to Ancient Macedonia In preparation Edited by Ian Worthington and Joseph Roisman A Companion to Food in the Ancient World A Companion to the Punic Wars Edited by John Wilkins Edited by Dexter Hoyos A Companion to the Latin Language A Companion to Ancient Egypt Edited by James Clackson Edited by Alan Lloyd A Companion to Classical Mythology A Companion to Sparta Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone Edited by Anton Powell A Companion to Sophocles Edited by Kirk Ormand LITERATURE AND CULTURE A Companion to Aeschylus Published Edited by Peter Burian A Companion to Classical Receptions A Companion to Greek Art Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray Edited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography Edited by John Marincola A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman World Edited by Beryl Rawson A Companion to Catullus Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner A Companion to Tacitus A Companion to Roman Religion Edited by Victoria Pagán Edited by Jörg Rüpke A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near A Companion to Greek Religion East Edited by Daniel Ogden Edited by Daniel Potts A COMPANION TO THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE Edited by Egbert J. Bakker A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2010 © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing p rogram has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley- blackwell. The right of Egbert J. Bakker to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permit- ted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering pro- fessional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the ancient Greek language / edited by Egbert J. Bakker. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-5326-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Greek language–History. 2. Greek philology. I. Bakker, Egbert J. PA227.C58 2010 480.9–dc22 2009020154 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Singapore I 2010 Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Notes on Contributors xii Symbols Used xviii Abbreviations of Ancient Authors and Works xix Abbreviations of Modern Sources xxviii Linguistic and Other Abbreviations xxxv 1 Introduction 1 Egbert J. Bakker PART I The Sources 9 2 Mycenaean Texts: The Linear B Tablets 11 Silvia Ferrara 3 Phoinikeīa Grammata: An Alphabet for the Greek Language 25 Roger D. Woodard 4 Inscriptions 47 Rudolf Wachter 5 Papyri 62 Arthur Verhoogt 6 The Manuscript Tradition 69 Niels Gaul PART II The Language 83 7 Phonology 85 Philomen Probert vi Contents 8 Morphology and Word Formation 104 Michael Weiss 9 Semantics and Vocabulary 120 Michael Clarke 10 Syntax 134 Evert van Emde Boas and Luuk Huitink 11 Pragmatics: Speech and Text 151 Egbert J. Bakker PART III Greek in Time and Space: Historical and Geographical Connections 169 12 Greek and Proto-Indo-European 171 Jeremy Rau 13 Mycenaean Greek 189 Rupert Thompson 14 Greek Dialects in the Archaic and Classical Ages 200 Stephen Colvin 15 Greek and the Languages of Asia Minor to the Classical Period 213 Shane Hawkins 16 Linguistic Diversity in Asia Minor during the Empire: Koine and Non-Greek Languages 228 Claude Brixhe 17 Greek in Egypt 253 Sofía Torallas Tovar 18 Jewish and Christian Greek 267 Coulter H. George 19 Greek and Latin Bilingualism 281 Bruno Rochette PART IV Greek in Context 295 20 Register Variation 297 Andreas Willi 21 Female Speech 311 Thorsten Fögen 22 Forms of Address and Markers of Status 327 Eleanor Dickey 23 Technical Languages: Science and Medicine 338 Francesca Schironi Contents vii PART V Greek as Literature 355 24 Inherited Poetics 357 Joshua T. Katz 25 Language and Meter 370 Gregory Nagy 26 Literary Dialects 388 Olga Tribulato 27 The Greek of Epic 401 Olav Hackstein 28 The Language of Greek Lyric Poetry 424 Michael Silk 29 The Greek of Athenian Tragedy 441 Richard Rutherford 30 Kunstprosa: Philosophy, History, Oratory 455 Victor Bers 31 The Literary Heritage as Language: Atticism and the Second Sophistic 468 Lawrence Kim PART VI The Study of Greek 483 32 Greek Philosophers on Language 485 Casper C. de Jonge and Johannes M. van Ophuijsen 33 The Birth of Grammar in Greece 499 Andreas U. Schmidhauser 34 Language as a System in Ancient Rhetoric and Grammar 512 James I. Porter PART VII Beyond Antiquity 525 35 Byzantine Literature and the Classical Past 527 Staffan Wahlgren 36 Medieval and Early Modern Greek 539 David Holton and Io Manolessou 37 Modern Greek 564 Peter Mackridge Bibliography 588 Index 639 List of Figures 4.1 The Phanodikos inscription 51 4.2 The Telesinos inscription 52 4.3 Attic black-figure cup with nonsense inscriptions 57 7.1 Possible arrangement of long and short vowels in early fifth-century Attic 97 9.1 Template for semantic structure of a lexical item 126 9.2 Prototype semantics of τρέφω 127 9.3 Breakdown of the semantic structure of τρέφω 128 9.4 Prototype semantics of τυγχάνω 130 9.5 Diachronic development of English bit 131 16.1 Map of Asia Minor in the imperial period 229 33.1 The division of philosophy according to Chrysippus 503 34.1 Jakobson’s communication model 513