A CompAnion to RomAn itAly BlACKWEll CompAnionS to tHE AnCiEnt WoRlD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises approximately twenty‐five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. Ancient History A Companion to Latin Literature A Companion to the Roman Army Edited by Stephen Harrison Edited by Paul Erdkamp A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought A Companion to the Roman Republic Edited by Ryan K. Balot Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein‐Marx A Companion to Ovid A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by Peter E. Knox Edited by David S. 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Kyle Edited by Julia Valeva, Emil Nankov, and Denver Graninger A Companion to Plutarch A Companion to Roman Italy Edited by Mark Beck Edited by Alison E. Cooley A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities LiterAture And cuLture Edited by Thomas K. Hubbard A Companion to Classical Receptions A Companion to the Ancient Novel Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray Edited by Edmund P. Cueva and Shannon N. Byrne A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean Edited by John Marincola Edited by Jeremy McInerney A Companion to Catullus A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner Edited by Melinda Hartwig A Companion to Roman Religion A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World Edited by Jörg Rüpke Edited by Rubina Raja and Jörg Rüpke A Companion to Greek Religion A Companion to Food in the Ancient World Edited by Daniel Ogden Edited by John Wilkins and Robin Nadeau A Companion to the Classical Tradition A Companion to Ancient Education Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf Edited by W. Martin Bloomer A Companion to Roman Rhetoric A Companion to Ancient Aesthetics Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall Edited by Pierre Destrée & Penelope Murray A Companion to Greek Rhetoric A Companion to Roman Art Edited by Ian Worthington Edited by Barbara Borg A Companion to Ancient Epic A Companion to Greek Literature Edited by John Miles Foley Edited by Martin Hose and David Schenker A Companion to Greek Tragedy A Companion to Josephus in his World Edited by Justina Gregory Edited by Honora Howell Chapman and Zuleika Rodgers A CompAnion to RomAn itAly Edited by Alison E. Cooley This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 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Cover image: Map of Roman Italy © Getty Images/DEA Picture Library Set in 9.5/11.5pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Tables xii Notes on Contributors xiii Acknowledgements xvi Introduction: Setting the Scene 1 1 Italy Before the Romans 2 Elena Isayev Part I The Impact of Rome – Unification and Integration 33 2 Rome’s Encroachment on Italy 35 Rafael Scopacasa 3 Italy and the Greek East, Second Century bc 57 Celia E. Schultz 4 The Social War 76 Edward Bispham 5 The Civil Wars and the Triumvirate 90 Edward Bispham 6 Coming to Terms with Dynastic Power, 30 bc–ad 69 103 Alison E. Cooley 7 Italy during the High Empire, from the Flavians to Diocletian 121 Alison E. Cooley 8 Late Roman and Late Antique Italy: from Constantine to Justinian 133 Neil Christie Part II Local and Regional Diversity 155 2.1 Cultural Diversity 157 9 Funerary Practices 159 Emma‐Jayne Graham and Valerie M. Hope vi Contents 10 Diversity in Architecture and Urbanism 181 Margaret L. Laird 11 Language and Literacy in Roman Italy 217 Kathryn Lomas 2.2 Greek Italy 235 12 Roman Naples 237 Kathryn Lomas 13 Magna Graecia, 270 bc–ad 200 253 Kathryn Lomas 2.3 Case-study: Becoming Roman in Cisalpina 269 14 The Changing Face of Cisalpine Identity 271 Clifford Ando Part III Town and Country 289 3.1 Settlement Patterns 291 15 Urbanization 293 Joanne Berry 16 Urban Peripheries 308 Penelope J. Goodman 17 Villas 330 Nigel Pollard 3.2 Case-studies of Towns and their Territories 355 18 Republican and Early Imperial Towns in the Tiber Valley 357 Simon Keay and Martin Millett 19 Cosa and the Ager Cosanus 378 Elizabeth Fentress and Phil Perkins 20 Pompeii and the Ager Pompeianus 401 Ray Laurence 21 Ostia 417 Janet DeLaine Part IV Economy and Society 439 22 Regional Interaction 441 Rebecca R. Benefiel 23 Agricultural Production in Roman Italy 459 Robert Witcher 24 Local Elites 483 John R. Patterson 25 Sub‐Elites 498 Jonathan S. Perry Index 513 List of Illustrations Fig. 1.1 Map of Italy with sites cited in the text (modern names in italics). Drawing: Antonio Montesanti. Fig. 1.2 Warrior returning home, from Andriulo Necropolis, Tomb 5340, Poseidonia (Paestum). Fourth century bc. Photograph: Elena Isayev. Fig. 1.3 Necropolis of Alfedena. Redrawn by Antonio Montesanti after L. Mariani, 1901. “Aufidena.” Monumenti Antichi dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 10: 225–638, tav.II. Fig. 1.4 Necropolis of Alfedena – Campo Consolino. Redrawn by Antonio Montesanti after F. Parise Badoni and M. Ruggeri Giove, 1981. Alfedena: la necropoli di Campo Consolino. Chieti, fig. 17. Fig. 1.5 Necropolis of Opi – Val Fondillo. Redrawn by Antonio Montesanti after G. Tagliamonte, 1996. I Sanniti. Caudini, Irpini, Pentri, Carricini, Frentani. Milan, fig. 4. Fig. 1.6 Ivory Lion, sixth century bc from Sant’Omobono, side A. Inv. AC 27878, Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photo copyright: Musei Capitolini, Rome. Fig. 1.7 Ivory Lion, from Sant’Omobono, side B. Name inscribed in Etruscan: Araz Silqetenas Spurianas. Inv. AC 27878, Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photo copy- right: Musei Capitolini, Rome. Fig. 1.8 Ivory Boar, sixth century bc from a necropolis near ancient Carthage, side B. Drawing: Antonio Montesanti after E. Peruzzi, 1970. Origini di Roma: La. Famiglia, vol. 1, Florence: Valmartina, tav. I. Fig. 1.9 Ivory Boar, from a necropolis near ancient Carthage. Close up of inscription on side B, inscribed in Etruscan: Mi puinel karthazie els q[‐‐‐]na (I (am) Puinel from Carthage…). Drawing: Antonio Montesanti after E. Peruzzi, 1970. Origini di Roma: La Famiglia, vol. 1, Florence: Valmartina, tav. II. Fig. 1.10 Sanctuary at Pietrabbondante, view from the theater to the valley. Photograph: Elena Isayev. Fig. 1.11 Pietrabbondante theater, cavea seating with carved griffin. Photograph: Elena Isayev. Fig. 1.12 Pietrabbondante theater, telamon supporting the parodos retaining wall. Photo- graph: Elena Isayev. Fig. 2.1 Roman and Latin colonies in central/southern Italy down to 263 bc. Drawing: Rafael Scopacasa, adapted from Cornell, 1989. Fig. 2.2 Roman expansion in central and southern Italy. Drawing: Rafael Scopacasa, adapted from Cornell, 1989. viii List of Illustrations Fig. 2.3 Eastern sector of Beneventum, showing Roman wall surrounding pre‐colonial arx, pre‐colonial find spots, and colonial find spots. Drawing: Rafael Scopacasa, adapted from Giampaola, 2000. Fig. 3.1 Map of Italy and the Greek East. Drawing: Christopher Ratté. Fig. 3.2 Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste. Redrawn by Christopher Ratté from F. Fasolo and G. Gullini, Il Santuario di Fortuna Primigenia a Palestrina (Istituto di archeologia, Università di Roma: Rome, 1953): vol. 2, plate 3. Fig. 5.1 Denarius of 70 bc with Roma and Italia shaking hands. Courtesy of Prof. C. Howgego & the Trustees of the Ashmolean Museum. Fig. 6.1 Schematic map of Italy’s regions under Augustus. Drawing: A.E. Cooley. Fig. 7.1 100‐foot marker on the cliff‐face at Terracina. Photograph: A.E. Cooley. Fig. 8.1 Rome, Arch of Constantine, south face, left side passage: view of the re‐used and reworked Hadrianic‐period roundel sculptures set over a Constantinian frieze depicting a siege by Constantine’s troops of a fortified city in Italy, either Susa or Verona. A winged victory on the left flies in to help deliver the city’s capture. Photograph: N. Christie. Fig. 8.2 View of the exterior of the fifth‐century baptistery at Albenga in western Liguria, north‐west Italy; the windows and interior identify notable later eighth‐century restorations here. Photograph: N. Christie. Fig. 8.3 Internal view of the main gate and circuit of the citadel or castrum of Susa, of circa ad 300. Photograph: N. Christie. Fig. 8.4 Colossal (5 m high) bronze imperial statue at Barletta in south‐eastern Italy, argued to represent Valentinian I (ad 364–375). Photograph: N. Christie. Fig. 9.1 Funerary relief from Amiternum showing a funerary procession. Drawing: J.  Willmott. From M. Carroll, 2011b. “‘The mourning was very good.’ Liberation and liberality in Roman funerary commemoration.” In Memory and Mourning. Studies on Roman Death, eds V.M. Hope and J. Huskinson, Oxford, Oxbow, 126–49, fig. 8.1. Fig. 9.2 Cappuccina burial F216, Vagnari. Reproduced with permission: Tracy Prowse and Alastair Small. Fig. 9.3 The Herculaneum Gate Necropolis, Pompeii. Photograph: Valerie Hope. Fig. 9.4 The Via Annia Necropolis, Aquileia. Photograph: Valerie Hope. Fig. 10.1 Map of ancient Italy labeling the towns, regions, and other features discussed in this chapter. Adapted from a map generated with Antiquity À‐la‐carte, Ancient World Mapping Center (awmc.unc.edu). Fig. 10.2 Plan of the Greek colony of Poseidonia. (The agora is shaded grey) Adapted from Gros and Torelli, 2010: Fig. 88, and Cerchiai, Jannelli, and Longo, 2004: 62. Fig. 10.3 The heröon in the agora of Poseidonia (circa 520–510 bc) surrounded by the Roman enclosure wall (circa 273 bc). Album/Art Resource. Fig. 10.4 Poseidonia, the temple of Athena in the northern sanctuary, built late sixth century bc. Photograph: M. Laird, with the kind permission of the Soprinten- denza per i Beni Archeologici di Salerno. Fig. 10.5 Plan of the Etruscan colony at Marzabotto. Adapted from Bentz and Reusser, 2008: abb. 12. Fig. 10.6 An Etruscan temple and its decorative system. Adapted from Izzet, 2007: fig. 4.3. Fig. 10.7 A Villanovan miniature hut urn from the Iron Age cemetery at Osteria dell’Osa, eighth century bc. Drawing: M. Laird after Bietti Sestieri, 1992: fig. 4.6.