Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page i A Companion to QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page ii Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page iii A Companion to QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Edited by Uwe Flick, Ernst von Kardorff and Ines Steinke Translated by Bryan Jenner SAGE Publications London ● Thousand Oaks● New Delhi Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page iv Translation © 2004 This English edition first published 2004 Originally published in the series “rowohlts enzyklopädie” under the title QUALITATIVE FORSHCHUNG– Ein Handbuch Copyright © 2000 Rowohlt Ttaschenbuch Verlag GmbH, Reinbek bei Hamburg Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publicationmay be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 7374 5 ISBN 0 7619 7375 3 (pbk) Library of Congress Control Number 2003112201 Typeset by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page v Contents Notes on Editors and Contributors ix Preface xii PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 What is Qualitative Research? An Introduction to the Field 3 Uwe Flick, Ernst von Kardorff and Ines Steinke PART 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN ACTION: PARADIGMATIC RESEARCH STYLES 13 Introduction 15 2.1 Anselm Strauss 17 Bruno Hildenbrand 2.2 Erving Goffman 24 Herbert Willems 2.3 Harold Garfinkel and Harvey Sacks 29 Jörg R. Bergmann 2.4 Paul Willis and the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies 35 Rolf Lindner 2.5 Paul Parin, Fritz Morgenthaler and Goldy Parin-Matthèy 40 Maya Nadig and Johannes Reichmayr 2.6 Clifford Geertz 47 Stephan Wolff 2.7 Norman K. Denzin: Life in Transit 53 Yvonna S. Lincoln 2.8 Marie Jahoda 58 Christian Fleck PART 3 THE THEORY OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 63 Introduction 65 3A: BACKGROUND THEORIES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 67 3.1 Phenomenological Life-world Analysis 67 Ronald Hitzler and Thomas S. Eberle 3.2 Ethnomethodology 72 Jörg R. Bergmann Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page vi vi CONTENTS 3.3 Symbolic Interactionism 81 Norman K. Denzin 3.4 Constructivism 88 Uwe Flick 3.5 Social Scientific Hermeneutics 95 Hans-Georg Soeffner 3B: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMMES 101 3.6 Qualitative Biographical Research 101 Winfried Marotzki 3.7 Qualitative Generation Research 108 Heinz Bude 3.8 Life-world Analysis in Ethnography 113 Anne Honer 3.9 Cultural Studies 118 Rainer Winter 3.10 Gender Studies 123 Regine Gildemeister 3.11 Organizational Analysis 129 Lutz von Rosenstiel 3.12 Qualitative Evaluation Research 137 Ernst von Kardorff PART 4 METHODOLOGY AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 143 Introduction 145 4.1 Design and Process in Qualitative Research 146 Uwe Flick 4.2 Hypotheses and Prior Knowledge in Qualitative Research 153 Werner Meinefeld 4.3 Abduction, Deduction and Induction in Qualitative Research 159 Jo Reichertz 4.4 Selection Procedures, Sampling, Case Construction 165 Hans Merkens 4.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Not in Opposition 172 Udo Kelle and Christian Erzberger 4.6 Triangulation in Qualitative Research 178 Uwe Flick 4.7 Quality Criteria in Qualitative Research 184 Ines Steinke PART 5 DOING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 191 Introduction 193 5A: ENTERING THE FIELD 195 Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page vii CONTENTS vii 5.1 Ways into the Field and their Variants 195 Stephan Wolff 5B: COLLECTING VERBAL DATA 203 5.2 Qualitative Interviews: An Overview 203 Christel Hopf 5.3 Interviewing as an Activity 209 Harry Hermanns 5.4 Group Discussions and Focus Groups 214 Ralf Bohnsack 5C: OBSERVING PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES 222 5.5 Field Observation and Ethnography 222 Christian Lüders 5.6 Photography as Social Science Data 231 Douglas Harper 5.7 Reading Film: Using Films and Videos as Empirical Social Science Material 237 Norman K. Denzin 5.8 Electronic Process Data and Analysis 243 Jörg R. Bergmann and Christoph Meier 5D: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION 248 5.9 The Transcription of Conversations 248 Sabine Kowal and Daniel C. O’Connell 5.10 The Analysis of Semi-structured Interviews 253 Christiane Schmidt 5.11 The Analysis of Narrative-biographical Interviews 259 Gabriele Rosenthal and Wolfram Fischer-Rosenthal 5.12 Qualitative Content Analysis 266 Philipp Mayring 5.13 Theoretical Coding: Text Analysis in Grounded Theory 270 Andreas Böhm 5.14 Computer-assisted Analysis of Qualitative Data 276 Udo Kelle 5.15 Analysis of Documents and Records 284 Stephan Wolff 5.16 Objective Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic Sociology of Knowledge 290 Jo Reichertz 5.17 Conversation Analysis 296 Jörg R. Bergmann 5.18 Genre Analysis 303 Hubert Knoblauch and Thomas Luckmann Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page viii viii CONTENTS 5.19 Discourse analysis 308 Ian Parker 5.20 Deep-structure Hermeneutics 313 Hans-Dieter König 5.21 The Art of Interpretation 321 Heinz Bude 5.22 The Presentation of Qualitative Research 326 Eduard Matt PART 6 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN CONTEXT 331 Introduction 333 6A: THE USE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 334 6.1 Research Ethics and Qualitative Research 334 Christel Hopf 6.2 Teaching Qualitative Research 340 Uwe Flick and Martin Bauer 6.3 Utilization of Qualitative Research 349 Ernst von Kardorff 6B: THE FUTURE AND CHALLENGES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 354 6.4 The Future Prospects of Qualitative Research 354 Hubert Knoblauch 6.5 The Challenges of Qualitative Research 359 Christian Lüders 6.6 The Art of Procedure, Methodological Innovation and Theory-formation in Qualitative Research 365 Alexandre Métraux PART 7 RESOURCES 371 7.1 Resources for Qualitative Researchers 373 Heike Ohlbrecht References 381 Author Index 421 Subject Index 428 Flick-Prelims.qxd 3/23/04 2:25 PM Page ix Notes on Editors and Contributors EDITORS Uwe Flick, is Professor of Empirical Social and Nursing Research (Qualitative Methods) at the Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany and Adjunct Professor at the Memorial University of Newfoundland at St. John’s, Canada. Research interests are qualitative methods, social representations and health. He is author of several books and articles on qualitative research including An Introduction to Qualitative Research (Sage, Second edition, 2002) and The Psychology of the Social (Cambridge University Press, 1998). Ernst von Kardorff, is Professor of the sociology of rehabilitation at Humboldt University in Berlin. Research interests are living and coping with chronic illness, the role of partners and volunteer organizations and quali- tative methods. Publications include, with C. Schönberger, Mit dem, kranken Partner leben(Living with a Chronically Ill Partner) (Opladen, 2003). Ines Steinke, Dr. Phil. works in industry in areas such as market- and marketing psychology and usability and design-management research and teaching in qualitative research, general psychology and youth research. Publications include: Kriterien qualitativer Forschung. Ansätze zur Bewertung qualitativ-empirijscher Sozial- forschung (Criteria of Qualitative Research: Approaches for Assessing Qualitative-Empirical Social Research) (Weinheim, 1999). CONTRIBUTORS Bauer, Martin, Ph.D., born 1959, Lecturer, Department of Social Psychology and Methodology Institute, London School of Economics. Research interests: New technologies, qualitative methods, social representa- tions, resistance in social processes. Bergmann, Jörg R., Prof. Dr., Dipl.-Psych., born 1946, University of Bielefeld, Faculty of Sociology. Research interests: Qualitative methods, new media, communication in everyday life and in complex work situations. Böhm, Andreas, Dr. phil., born 1955, Federal Office of Health, Brandenburg. Research interests: Epidemiology, children’s health, qualitative methods. Bohnsack, Ralf, Prof. Dr. rer. soz., Dr. phil. habil, Dipl. Soz., born 1948, Free University of Berlin, Faculty of Education and Psychology. Research interests: Qualitative methods, sociology of knowledge, youth research, deviance. Bude, Heinz, Prof. Dr. phil., born 1954, University of Kassel and Hamburg Institute of Social Research. Research interests: Research on generations, exclusion and entrepreneurs. Denzin, Norman K., Prof., Ph.D., born 1941, College of Communications Scholar, Distinguished Research Professor of Communications, Sociology, Cinema Studies and Humanities, University of Illinois, Institute of Communications Research. Research interests: Cultural studies, interpretative research, media and ethnic groups. Eberle, Thomas S., Prof. Dr., born 1950, Sociological Seminar, University of St Gallen (Switzerland). Research interests: Phenomenological sociology, sociology of knowledge, sociology of culture.