A Companion to  Nineteenth‐Century Art WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO ART HISTORY These invigorating reference volumes chart the influence of key ideas, discourses, and theories on art, and the way that it is taught, thought of, and talked about throughout the English‐speaking world. Each volume brings together a team of respected international scholars to debate the state of research within traditional subfields of art history as well as in more innovative, thematic configurations. Representing the best of the scholarship governing the field and pointing toward future trends and across disciplines, the Blackwell Companions to Art History series provides a magisterial, state‐of‐the‐art synthesis of art history. 1 A Companion to Contemporary Art since 1945, edited by Amelia Jones 2 A Companion to Medieval Art, edited by Conrad Rudolph 3 A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture, edited by Rebecca M. Brown and Deborah S. Hutton 4 A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art, edited by Babette Bohn and James M. Saslow 5 A Companion to British Art: 1600 to the Present, edited by Dana Arnold and David Peters Corbett 6 A Companion to Modern African Art, edited by Gitti Salami and Monica Blackmun Visonà 7 A Companion to Chinese Art, edited by Martin J. Powers and Katherine R. Tsiang 8 A Companion to American Art, edited by John Davis, Jennifer A. Greenhill, and Jason D. LaFountain 9 A Companion to Digital Art, edited by Christiane Paul 10 A Companion to Dada and Surrealism, edited by David Hopkins 11 A Companion to Public Art, edited by Cher Krause Knight and Harriet F. Senie 12 A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 1 and 2, edited by Finbarr Flood and Gulru Necipoglu 13 A Companion to Modern Art, edited by Pamela Meecham 14 A Companion to Nineteenth‐Century Art, edited by Michelle Facos Forthcoming 1 A Companion to Contemporary Design since 1945, edited by Anne Massey 2 A Companion to Illustration, edited by Alan Male 3 A Companion to Modern and Contemporary Latin American and Latino Art, edited by Alejandro Anreus, Robin Greeley, and Megan Sullivan 4 A Companion to Australian Art, edited by Christopher Allen A Companion to Nineteenth‐Century Art Edited by Michelle Facos This edition first published 2019 © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Michelle Facos to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Office(s) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Editorial Office The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. 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Description: Hoboken : Wiley-Blackwell, 2019. | Series: Wiley Blackwell companions to art history | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018023702 (print) | LCCN 2018026685 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118856338 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781118856352 (ePub) | ISBN 9781118856369 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Art, Modern–19th century. | Art and society–History–19th century. Classification: LCC N6450 (ebook) | LCC N6450 .C64 2018 (print) | DDC 709.03/4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023702 Cover image: © Wikimedia Commons Cover design: Wiley Set in 10/12pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures ix About the Editor xiii Notes on Contributors xv Series Editor’s Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Introduction xxv Michelle Facos 1 Moses Jacob Ezekiel’s Religious Liberty (1876) and the Nineteenth‐Century Jewish American Experience 1 Samantha Baskind 2 The Lure of “Magick Land”: British Artists and Italy in the Eighteenth Century 17 Brendan Cassidy 3 Mining the Dutch Golden Age: The Avant‐Garde Enterprise 35 Johanna Ruth Epstein 4 “The Revenge of Art on Life”: Beauty, Modernity, and Edward Burne‐Jones’s King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid 51 Andrea Wolk Rager 5 Show and Tell: Exhibition Practice in the Nineteenth Century 69 Patricia Mainardi 6 Networked: The Art Market in the Nineteenth Century 83 Pamela Fletcher and Anne Helmreich vi Contents 7 German Art Academies and their Impact on Artistic Style 103 Sabine Wieber 8 “Orientalism” in Art: The Case of John Frederick Lewis 121 Julie Codell 9 Wall to Wall: Zones of Artistic Engagement in Late Nineteenth‐Century America 139 Melody Barnett Deusner 10 “Like a Dog, Just Looking”: Cézanne, Innocence, and Early Phenomenological Thought in Nineteenth‐Century France 159 Nina Athanassoglou‐Kallmyer 11 Aesthetic Religion, Religious Aesthetics, and the Romantic Quest for Epiphany 175 Cordula Grewe 12 The Wanderers and Realism in Tsarist Russia 193 Josephine Karg 13 Thomas Cole and the Domestic Landscape of the Hudson River School 209 William L. Coleman 14 Sculpture and the Public Imagination: Nineteenth‐Century Site‐Specific Art of the Cemetery, the Garden, and the Street 225 Caterina Y. Pierre 15 Capturing Unconsciousness: The New Psychology, Hypnosis, and the Culture of Hysteria 243 Fae Brauer 16 Impressionism and the Mirror Image 263 Martha Lucy 17 Roots: Landscapes of Nationalism in the Long Nineteenth Century 281 Neil McWilliam 18 Australian Art in the Nineteenth‐Century: Forging a National Style 299 Catherine Speck 19 Tradition and Modernity in Nineteenth‐Century Catalan Art: From Romanticism to Picasso 315 M. Lluïsa Faxedas Brujats 20 Principle and Practice in Nineteenth‐Century Danish Landscape Painting 335 Thor J. Mednick Contents vii 21 Art and Multiculturalism in Estonia and Latvia, circa 1900 353 Bart Pushaw 22 Nationalism and the Myth of Hungarian Origin: Attila and Árpád 371 Terri Switzer 23 In the Service of the Nation: Forging the Identity of Polish Art in the Nineteenth Century 391 Agnieszka Rosales Rodriguez 24 Facing Modernism: Jean‐Antoine Houdon and the Politics  of the Portrait Bust in Eighteenth‐Century France 413 Ronit Milano 25 Identity Tourism: Studio Stagings in Nineteenth‐Century Photography 431 Patricia G. Berman 26 The Meaning of the Verb “To Be” in Painting: Manet’s Olympia 451 Andrei Molotiu 27 Cassatt’s Singular Women: Reading Le Figaro and the Older New Woman 467 Ruth E. Iskin 28 Fashion, Lithography, and Gender Instability in Romantic‐Era Paris: A Case Study 485 Andrew Carrington Shelton 29 Racist or Hero of Social Art?: Degas, the Birth of Sociology, and the Biopolitical Gaze 499 Michael F. Zimmermann Index 519 List of Figures 1.1 Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty, 1876. 2 1.2 Moses Jacob Ezekiel, Religious Liberty, 1876. 5 1.3 Moses J. Ezekiel, Eve Hearing the Voice, 1876. 8 1.4 Priestly blessing gesture depicted on the gravestone of Rabbi Meschullam Kohn (1739–1819). 11 2.1 Domenico Cunego, engraving after Gavin Hamilton, Achilles Dragging the Body of Hector around the Walls of Troy, 1766. 30 2.2 Pietro Testa, Achilles Dragging the Body of Hector around the Walls of Troy, c.1648. 31 2.3 Domenico Cunego (engraving after Gavin Hamilton), Achilles Mourning the Death of Patroclus, 1767. 31 2.4 Sandro Botticelli, Lamentation over the Dead Christ, 1490–92. 32 3.1 Jan Luyken, Kuiper (Cooper), 1694. 41 3.2 Jean‐François Millet, Cooper Tightening Staves on a Barrel, c.1848–1850. 42 4.1 Sir Edward Coley Burne‐Jones, King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid, 1884. 52 4.2 Emery Walker, Photograph of King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid by Edward Burne‐Jones. 53 4.3 Giovanni Bellini, Frari Altarpiece (Madonna between Saints Mark, Benedict, Nicholas and Peter). 60 4.4 Sandro Botticelli, Venus and Mars, c.1485. 62 6.1 “Dowdeswell & Dowdeswells, Limited, 160, New Bond Street.” 87 6.2 “Intended Façade of the Grosvenor Gallery, New Bond Street—Mr. William Thomas Sams, Architect, Doorway by Palladio.” 88 6.3 “The Grosvenor Gallery New Bond Street, London, Built for Sir Coutts Lindsay, Bart.—Mr. William Thomas Sams, Architect.” 89 6.4 Thomas Rowlandson, Italian Picture Dealers Humbugging My Lord Anglaise, 30 May 1812. 93 7.1 Carl Friedrich Lessing. Gorge with Ruins, 1830. 107 7.2 Johann Friedrich Vogel. Seni before the Corpse of Wallenstein (painting by Karl Piloty). 111 x List of figures 7.3 Olaf Gulbransson. Bound by Medals! 115 7.4 Anton von Werner. Proclamation of the German Emperor in Versailles, 1882 (second version). 116 8.1 John Frederick Lewis. A Lady Receiving Visitors (The Reception), 1873. 125 8.2 John Frederick Lewis. A Frank Encampment in the Desert of Mount Sinai. 1842—The Convent of St. Catherine in the Distance, 1856. 125 8.3 Eugène Delacroix. Women of Algiers in Their Apartment, 1834. 133 8.4 Henriette Browne. The Visit in the Harem/The Arrival in the Harem at Constantinople, 1861. 133 9.1 “Art Gallery.” 141 9.2 Alexander H. Wyant, A New England Landscape. 143 9.3 “The Art Gallery of the Union League Club as Illuminated by the United States Electric Lighting Company.” 149 9.4 G.A. Davis, “Work of the University Settlement Society of New York City—An Art Exhibition in the Tenement District.” 154 11.1 Franz Pforr, Raphael, Fra Angelico and Michelangelo on a Cloud above Rome, 1810. 178 11.2 Samuel Amsler, after Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Triumph of Religion in the Arts, 1841. 181 11.3 Carl Hoff, after Franz Pforr, Dürer and Raphael before the Throne of Art, 1832. 182 11.4 Sketch after Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Raphael and Dürer Kneeling Before the Enthroned Church, 1817. 188 12.1 Vasily Grigorevich Perov, Easter Procession in a Village, 1861. 199 12.2 Ilya Yefimovich Repin, They Did Not Expect Him, 1884–1888. 200 12.3 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boyarinia Morozova, 1883–1887. 204 13.1 Thomas Cole, Landscape, the Seat of Mr. Featherstonhaugh in the Distance, 1826. 213 13.2 Thomas Cole, View of Monte Video, the Seat of Daniel Wadsworth, Esq., 1828. 216 13.3 Thomas Cole, Gardens of the Van Rensselaer Manor House, 1840. 218 13.4 Thomas Cole, The Van Rensselaer Manor House, 1841. 219 14.1 Aimé‐Jules Dalou, Tomb of Victor Noir, 1889–1891. 229 14.2 John Quincy Adams Ward, George Washington, 1883. 234 14.3 Henry Kirke Brown, Equestrian Monument to George Washington, 1853–1856. 235 14.4 Vincenzo Vela, Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Como Days of March 1848, 1889. 237 15.1 Pierre Aristide André Brouillet, A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière, 1887. 247 15.2 Paul Richer, Phase des contorsions (Art de cercle), 1881. 248 15.3 Albert Londe, Attaque d’hystérie chez l’homme, Guinin, Salle No. 3, 1 January 1885, twelve‐frame black and white chronophotography; Labor des Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris. Public Domain. 254 15.4 Gustave Courtois, Le supplice de Saint Sébastien, 1895, oil on canvas, Église Saint‐Georges, Vesoul, France; permission of Église Saint‐ Georges de Vesoul, France. 256 16.1 Mary Cassatt, Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge, 1879. Oil on canvas. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Bequest of Charlotte Dorrance Wright, 1978‐1‐5. 264 List of figures xi 16.2 Edgar Degas, Madame Jeantaud in the Mirror, c.1875. 265 16.3 Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies‐Bergère, 1882. 266 16.4 Edgar Degas, At the Cafe‐Concert: The Song of the Dog, c.1876–1877. 270 17.1 Louis Haghe, Abbaye de Saint Guilhem, Languedoc, 1834. 288 17.2 Emmanuel Lansyer, Château of Pierrefonds, c.1868. 290 17.3 Camille Pissarro, The Banks of the Oise, Near Pontoise, 1876. 291 17.4 Hansi, from Mon Village. Ceux qui n’oublient pas. Images et commentaires par l’oncle Hansi, Paris, H. Floury, 1913. 295 18.1 John William Lewin, Fish Catch and Dawes Point, Sydney Harbour, c.1813. 302 18.2 John Glover, A corroboree of natives in Mills Plains, 1832, Deddington, Tasmania. 307 18.3 Tom Roberts, A break away!, 1891. 310 18.4 William Barak, Ceremony, 1899. 311 19.1 Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Palace of Catalan Music (Palau de la música catalana, Barcelona), 1906–1908. 321 19.2 Santiago Rusiñol, Courtyard on l’Île de la Cité, Paris (Pawn shop), 1889. 325 19.3 Joaquim Mir, The Cathedral of the Poor, 1898. 327 19.4 Isidre Nonell, Young Gypsy Woman, 1903. 329 20.1 Johan Thomas Lundbye, A Croft at Lodskov near Vognserup Manor, 1847. 336 20.2 Ejnar Nielsen, Landscape from Gjern, 1896–1897. 337 20.3 Dankvart Dreyer, Barrow on the Island of Brandsø, c.1842. 341 20.4 René Magritte, The Human Condition, 1933. 346 21.1 Janis Rozentāls, After the Service (From the Church), 1894. 356 21.2 Nikolai Triik, Battle, 1910. 363 21.3 Bernhard Borchert, Flight, 1911. 365 22.1 Béla Iványi Grünwald, The Warlord’s Sword (A Hadúr kardja), 1890. 372 22.2 J. Allen St. John, The Hun—His mark—Blot it out with Liberty Bonds, 1917–1918. 373 22.3 Mór Than, Feast of Attila, 1870. 378 22.4 Bertalan Székely, Blood Contract (Blood Treaty), 1896. 381 23.1 Piotr Michałowski, Battle of Somosierra, c.1837. 399 23.2 Teofil Kwiatkowski, Chopin’s Polonaise—a Ball in Hôtel Lambert in Paris. 402 23.3 Maksymilian Gierymski, Insurrectionary Patrol, 1872–1873. 404 23.4 Józef Brandt, Czarniecki at Kolding, 1870. 405 23.5 Jan Matejko, Rejtan, or the Fall of Poland, 1866. 406 24.1 Jean‐Antoine Houdon, Voltaire, 1778. 414 24.2 Jean‐Antoine Houdon, Sabine Houdon Aged Ten Months, 1788. 418 24.3 Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein, Ludwig Tieck, von David d’Angers porträtiert (David d’Angers Modeling the Bust of Ludwig Tieck), 1834. 422 24.4 Louis‐Léopold Boilly, L’atelier de Houdon (Houdon’s studio), c.1803. 423 25.1 Unknown studio photographer, Jacob Berman, c.1890. 432 25.2 Stud Marie Høeg, Self Portrait, c.1895. 433 25.3 Sojourner Truth, “I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance,” c.1864. 439 25.4 Studio of Bobette Berg and Marie Høeg, Untitled, c.1895. 445 27.1 Mary Cassatt, Reading Le Figaro, c.1878. 468 27.2 Honoré Daumier, I beg your pardon sir, if I am getting in your way…, Le Charivari, March 8, 1844. 477 27.3 Pierre‐Auguste Renoir, Madame Eugene Fould, née Délphine Marchand, 1880. 479