A Beginner's Guide to Tajiki This is a conversational approach to the teaching and learning of the Tajiki language. It uses authentic language material to help learners as they proceed through its topic- based lessons. Its emphasis on the spoken language promotes oral fluency alongside written skills. Both lessons and appendices present new vocabulary and grammar simply and recycle material to provide opportunities for both controlled and free language learning. The appendices include not only lists of useful information and samples of commonly needed letters and speeches, but also an invaluable introduction to Tajiki grammar and a comprehensive Tajiki-English dictionary of all the book's vocabulary - over 4500 definitions. Azim Baizoyev holds a BA, MA and PhD in oriental languages. He teaches in the Tajik State University's Department of Iranian Philology and has been teaching Tajiki, Far si and Russian as foreign languages since 1993 to the international staff of various embassies and foreign organisations working in Dushanbe. He has published numerous books and articles, including two textbooks for Tajiki-speakers learning Farsi. John Hayward gained a degree in natural sciences and a PhD in genetics from Cambridge University, England, before going on to train as a teacher of English as a foreign language, in which field he holds the RSA/Cambridge CTEFLA and an MA in TESOL from Azusa Pacific University, California. He has taught English as a foreign language in Tajikistan since 1995 and is now director of a non-governmental organisa- tion contributing to educational development. A Beginner's Guide to Tajiki Azim Baizoyev and John Hay ward Routledge Taylor & Francis Croup LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Transferred to Digital Printing 2009 © 2004 Azim Baizoyev and John Hay ward Typeset by the authors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN 978-0-415-31597-5(Hbk) ISBN 978-0-415-31598-2(Pbk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire Ба ҷашни пуршукуҳи 10-солагии Dedicated to the grand celebration of Истиқлолияти Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон Tajikistan's tenth anniversary of бахшида мешавад. independence. Забони ҳар миллат ёдгории азизест, ки "Each nation's language is a precious решаи он аз сарчашмаи намдин наслҳои legacy whose roots have drawn from the нажоди у об хӯрда, мояи ифтихору source of many generations of its people худшиносии наслҳои баъдина мегардад. and which will be the cause of pride and self-knowledge for future generations.99 Э.Ш.Раҳмонов E.Rahmonov CONTENTS Official Preface Xi Translation of the Official Preface xii Editor's Preface xiii Дарси1 Lesson 1 1 f тоцики The Tajiki Alphabet оибфилА кӣ и ҷоТ The Tajiki Alphabet ия спиркснарТ Transcription да аЗ Stress Дарси 2 Lesson 2 Муроҷиат Forms of Address Шиносоӣ Getting Acquainted Grammar Personal Pronouns 13 The Inflectional Suffix "lzofat" Possessive Determiners Pronominal Suffixes The Copula "Acm" ДарсиЗ Lesson 3 17 Оим Family Grammar Present-Future Tense 22 Simple Questions The Conjunction "Ba " ("-y" and "-ю") Дарси 4 Lesson 4 27 Маориф - Касбу кор Education - Professions Grammar More Present-Future Tense 32 Plural Forms of Nouns "Acm"and "Ҳаст" Дарси 5 Lesson 5 38 Хона - Ҳавлӣ - Бог House - Courtyard - Garden Grammar Prepositions 42 The Direct Object Marker "-po" Question Particles Imperatives Дарси 6 Lesson 6 49 Хона - Ҳавлӣ - Бог (идома) House - Courtyard - Garden (continued) Grammar Indefinite Nouns 54 Infinitives Present-Future Tense Simple Past Tense Reading Хонаи xyd 58 Дарси 7 Lesson 7 61 Вақт - Фасл - Обу ҳаво Time - Seasons - Weather Grammar Numbers 68 Reading Рӯзи кории ман 72 Дарси8 Lesson 8 74 Кишеарҳо - Миллатҳо - Забонҳо Countries - Nationalities - Languages Grammar Descriptive Past Comparatives and Superlatives Derivational Suffixes Дарси 9 Lesson 9 Узвҳои бадан Parts of the Body Grammar Compound Verbs 89 Active and Passive Verbs Absolute Future Tense Reading Таъбири хоб 94 Беҳтарин аъзо Дарси 10 Lesson 10 97 Шаҳр - Куча The Cby-The Street Grammar The Past Participle 102 Present Continuous Tense Modal Verbs Дарси 11 Lesson 11 111 Бозор Market Grammar Derivational Affixes (continued) 116 The conditional mood - use of "arap" Reading Cemo HOH 122 To ки дигарон хӯранд Дарси 12 Lesson 12 124 Дар магоза At the Shop Grammar Narrative Past Tense 131 Past Perfect Tense Дарси 13 Lesson 13 136 Дар ресторан, ошхона, At the Restaurant, қаҳвахона, чойхона Cafe, and Tea-House Grammar More Compound Verbs 140 More Pronouns Reading Худо хоҳад 145 Тарзи nyxmanu оши палое Дарси 14 Lesson 14 149 Дар меҳмонхона In the Hotel Grammar Complex Sentences: Conjunctions 154 "Fundamental" and "Causal" Verbs Reading Марги аблаҳона 157 Дарси 15 Lesson 15 161 Идора - Телефон At the Office - On the Telephone Grammar Exclamations and Words of Emotion 167 Reading Телефон 171 Дарси 16 Lesson 16 174 Вақпш холӣ-Дар меҳмонӣ Free Time - Visiting as a Guest Grammar Subordinate Clauses 181 Subordinate Clauses of Time The Past Continuous Tense Reading Сахитарин инсон 186 Дарси 17 Lesson 17 188 Дар мазди духтур At the Doctor's Тибби халқӣ Folk Medicine Grammar Subordinate Clauses of Cause Subordinate Clauses of Purpose Subordinate Clauses of Condition Reading Чӣ хурдед? Подшоҳ ва фолбин Кӣ бисёртар? Дарси 18 Lesson 18 Ҳайвонот Animals Grammar Subordinate Clauses of Quantity and Degree Subordinate Clauses of Concession Reading Захми забон Боги ҳайвоноти Душанбе Дарси 19 Lesson 19 Идҳо - Ҷашнҳо - Маросимҳо Holidays - Celebrations - Ceremonies Grammar Subordinate Clauses of Location Multiple Complex Sentences Reading Навруз Таронаҳои наврузӣ Арвоҳ Дарси 20 Lesson 20 Қонун - Сиесат Law - Politics Муносибатҳои байналмилалӣ International Relations Grammar Verbal adverb Direct and Indirect Speech Reading Ҳикоят (мазмун аз «Гулистон») Дарси 21 Lesson 21 Саёҳат - Табиат Tourism - Nature Grammar Word Construction Descriptive Use of Present-Future Tense Reading Искандаркул Answers to Lesson 1 Exercises Иловаҳо Appendixes руҳаШ оиҳяиҳон он тсикиҷоТ Cities and Regions of Tajikistan инратлумъаМ номҳои кӣ иҷот The Most Common Tajiki Names I. аинумаН мактубҳои мй сар I. Model official letters II. аинумаН мактубҳои на отсӯд II. Model informal letters III. аинумаН табрикномаҳо III. Model congratulations IV. аинумаН даъватномаҳо IV. Model invitations V. аинумаН эълонҳо V. Model announcements VI. аинумаН таъзияномаҳо VI. Model condolences VII. аинумаН тавсияномаҳо VII. Model recommendations оиҳафитаЛ кй иҷот Tajiki Jokes туйаБ оиҳачроп рй ъеш Poetry Selections A Brief Introduction To Tajiki Grammar Фонетика Phonetics ҳо конодаС Vowels ҳо одасмаҳ Consonants да аЗ Stress зеъаБ тагйироти овозй Some Sound Changes Морфология Morphology 282 Исм Nouns 282 Singular and Plural Nouns Arabic Plurals Indefinite Article and Defining Suffix Nominal Derivational Affixes Сифат Adjectives 286 Adjectival Derivational Affixes Nominal Use of Adjectives Compound Nouns and Adjectives Шумора Numbers 289 Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers Fractions Approximate numbers Numerators" ин шиноҶ Pronouns 291 Personal-Possessive Pronouns Pronominal Suffixes Феъл Verbs 293 Kerb Stems Tajiki Verb Structure Participles Verbal Adverbs Verb Conjugation Verb Tenses Imperatives Modal Verbs Active and Missive Verbs Fundamental and Causal Verbs Зарф Adverbs 310 Пешояцду Пасояндҳо Prepositions and Postpositions 312 Simple prepositions uIzofat" and Compound Nominal Prepositions Compound Nominal Prepositions ) without "izo/аГ) Postpositions Пайвандакҳо Conjunctions 316 Coordinate conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Ҳиссачаҳо Particles 321 Нидохо Exclamations 322 Tajiki - English Dictionary 521 Acknowledgements m