A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase 6 Adverb Phrase The adverb is defined as a modifier of a verb, or an adjective, or another adverb or an adverbial phrase. The very derivation of the word indicates that the adverb is a modifier to the verb. The Latin prefix ad- means ‘attached to’. But in a broader sense though in English it modifies also the adjective, in Telugu not all the adverbials modify the adjectives; but only the intensifiers act as modifiers to the adjectives. For example, see the following phrases. Adverb modifying a verb: a:me andanga: nadustundi ‘she’ ‘beautifully’ ‘will walk (she)’ ‘She walks beautifully’ Adverb modifying an adjective: adi tsa:la manci pustakam ‘that’ ‘very’ ‘good’ ‘book’ ‘That is a very good book’ Adverb modifying an adverb: a:me tsa:la: mellaga: nadustundi ‘she’ ‘very’ ‘slowly’ ‘will walk (she)’ ‘She walks very slowly’ Adverb modifying an adverbial phrase: a:yana tsa:la: pai nunci du:kae:du ‘he’ ‘very’ ‘high’ ‘from’ ‘jumped down-he’ ‘He jumped from a great height’ 316 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase The adverbial phrases fill only the peripheral slots in clause level constructions, and the modifier slots at phrase level. The adverb phrases may include single adverbs filling modifier slots at phrase level, or they may be of head-modifier, coordinate, or axis-relator types. The single adverbs may be intensifiers, or adverbs of manner, time, location, quality, etc., filling the modifier slot at phrase level structure. The head-modifier adverb phrase has an adverb as the head, and the modifiers being a closed set of intensifiers that modify the adverbs. The coordinate adverb phrase is formed by conjoining two or more adverbial phrases or adverbial words. Single of intensified adverbs (head-modifier phrases), or axis-relator phrases occur as constituents of these coordinate phrases. The adverbial axis-relator phrases fill the clause level slots as single adverbs. These phrases occur at clause level structure, filling peripheral slots of time, place, manner, etc. The type of the axis-relator phrases consist of temporal nouns or pronouns such as ninna ‘yesterday’, re:pu ‘tommorow’, so:mava:ram ‘Monday’, janavari ‘January’, etc., as axis slot fillers and postpositions such as da:ka: ‘till’, nunci ‘from’, ki ‘to’, varaku ‘till’, lo:pala ‘inside’, tarva:ta ‘after’, etc., as relator slot fillers. The locational axis-relator phrases consist of place nouns or pronouns such as maisu:ru ‘Mysore’, ma:u:ru ‘my village’, akkada ‘there’, ekkada ‘where’, etc., as axis and the same words used as relators with temporal nouns, here also as relators. The manner axis-relator phrases consist of manner nouns such as ve:gam ‘speed’, a:lasyam ‘late’, etc., as axis and the manner postpositions such as to: ‘with’, valla ‘by’, etc. The classes of relators are not clear out. That is, the relators taken by different classes of nouns such as temporal, locational, manner indicators, etc., are not clearly differ- ent from each other, for in Telugu the same class of relators occur with both the temporal and the locational nouns or pronouns. On the formal label the adverb phrases in Telugu can be devided into four catego- ries, i.e., simple adverbial words, the head-modifier adverb phrases, the coordinate adverb phrases and the axis-relator adverb phrases. Taking the functional aspect into consider- ation, the adverb phrases can be labeled as the intensifiers, qualitatives, approximate quan- tifiers, temporals, manner indicators, locatives, directionals, purpose indicators, reason in- dicators, exchange adverbs, topical adverbs, conformitatives, exclusory words, additives or cumulatives, inferentials and comparators. In the following pages under each formal label different functional categories of adverbs are discussed in detail. 317 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase 6.1 SIMPLE ADVERBIALS Simple adverbials include single adverbial words. These include adverbial nouns and pronouns, and also adverbial words derived from abstract nouns and adjectives by adding adverbial suffixes such as -ga:, -na, etc. The simple adverbials include all th functional categories mentioned above. I. INTENSIFIERS Intensifiers intensify the meaning of the following noun, verb, adjective or adverb. They fill modifier slots at phrase level structure. The following are the intensifiers which mostly occur in Telugu phrases as modifiers. Group I tsa:la:, mari:, ba:ga:, bale:, etc. These adverbials occur as single adverbial words preceding the verb, and also as adverbial modifiers of other adverbial words. e.g., Modifying Verbs va:du ba:ga: tinna:du ‘he’ ‘well’ ‘ate-he’ ‘He ate nicely’ Modifying Adverbs ra:gini tsala: andanga: nadustundi ‘Ragini’ ‘very’ ‘beautifully’ ‘will walk-she’ ‘Ragini walks very beautifully’ Group II maha:, parama, ati, atyanta, nere:, bahu, etc. These adverbials normally do not occur as single adverbials. They occur only as adverbial modifiers. e.g., maha: ba:ga: ceppae:vu nuvvu ‘very’ ‘nicely’‘told (you-sg.)’ ‘you (sg.)’ ‘You told very nicely’ 318 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase parama canda:langa: undi sinima: ‘much’ ‘badly’ ‘is-it’ ‘cinema’ ‘The movie is horrible’ nere: occurs as an adverbial modifier only in some parts of Rayalseema and Tamilnadu. Sometimes the adverbial suffix -ga: is added to bale: and ati in which case they act only as verb modifiers. e.g., atiga: ma:tla:davaddu ‘excessively’ ‘talk-no’ ‘Do not talk much’ In the above sentence atiga: acts as manner adverbial, and other intensifiers precede it. e.g., va:du tsa:la: atiga: ma:tla:data:du ‘he’ ‘much’ ‘excessively’ ‘will talk-he’ ‘He talks too much’ II. QUALITATIVES Qualitative adverbs are those which indicate the quality of the subject noun and precede only the verb un(d)- ‘be’. These are generally derived by suffixing -ga: to abstract nouns or descriptive adjectives. Thus, Noun + -ga: andam + -ga: andanga: ‘beautifully’ ti:pi + -ga: ti:piga: ‘sweetly’ Adjective + -ga: tella + -ga: tellaga: ‘whitely’ tsalla + -ga: tsallaga: ‘coldly’ 319 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase e.g., a:me andanga: undi ‘she’ ‘beautifully’ ‘is-she’ ‘She is beautiful’ ni:llu tsallaga: unna:yi ‘water’‘coldly’ ‘are-they’ ‘The water is cold’ Some of the qualitative adverbs are used sometimes as manner adverbs with an idiomatic meaning. For example, tsallaga: ‘coldly’ is used in an extended sense ‘calmly’ (without the knowledge of others). e.g., a:yana akkadanunci tsallaga: dza:rukonna:du ‘he’ ‘there-from’ ‘coolly’ ‘slipped-himself-away-he’ ‘He quietly slipped away from that place’ III. APPROXIMATE QUANTIFIERS There are three most frequently occurring approximate quantifiers, viz., da:da:pu, rama:rami and intsumintsu all with the same meaning ‘almost’, or ‘nearly’ or ‘approximately’. e.g., a:yana da:da:pu/rama:rami/intsumintsu tine:sa:du ‘he’ ‘almost’ ‘ate up-he’ ‘He almost ate up’ These approximate quantifiers may precede other adverbials. a:yana da:da:pu/rama:rami/intsunintsu pu:rtiga: tine:sa:du ‘he’ almost’ ‘completely’ ‘ate-he’ ‘He almost finished eating’ Sometimes, quantifier nouns like la:vu ‘stoutness’, sannam ‘thinness’, etc., when the adverbial suffix-ga: is added to them act as adverbials, however, this is purely a semantic category. 320 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase e.g., a:me tsa:la: la:vuga:/sannanga: untundi ‘she’ ‘very’ ‘stoutly’ ‘leanly’ ‘will be-she’ ‘She is very fat/lean’ IV. TEMPORALS The following categories occur under temporal adverbs. (i) Temporal Nouns and Pronouns ra:tri, sa:yantram, so:mava:ram, etc. ‘night’ ‘evening’ ‘monday’ ninna, monna, re:pu, etc. ‘yesterday’ ‘the day before yesterday’ ‘tommorow’ appudu, ippudu, eppudu, ellapudu, sada: ‘then’ ‘now’ ‘when’ ‘always’ ‘always’ ne:nu ra:tri vacca:nu ‘I’ ‘night’ ‘came-I’ ‘I came last night’ mi:ru re:pu ra:ndi ‘you (pl.)’ ‘tommorow’ ‘come (pl.)’ ‘You come tommorow’ a:me appudu vaccindi ‘she’ ‘then’ ‘came-she’ ‘She came at that time’ The emphatic manner -e: can be suffixed to these nouns and to the pronouns to ippudu and appudu, and similarly, the indefinite marker -o: to the interrogative pronoun eppudu. e.g., mi:ru re:pe: ra:ndi ‘You come tommorrow only’ 321 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase a:me appude: vaccindi ‘She came at that time only’ (or ‘She already came’) a:me: eppudo: vaccindi ‘She came sometime back’ appude: and eppudo: also give the meaning ‘already’ and ‘long ago’ respectively. The temporal pronouns proximate and remote ippudu and appudu also occur in reduplicated form with or without the emphatic marker -e: depending on the need. When the pronouns are reduplicated or compoud verb is used expressing repetition of the action of the main verb. e.g., mi:ru appudappudu vastu: undandi ‘(you (pl.)’ ‘now and then’ ‘coming’ ‘lie-you(pl.)’ ‘You keep coming often’ (ii) Temporal Postpositions mundu, venuka, venta, tarva:ta, etc., ‘before’ ‘behind’ ith’ ‘after’ These words occur with or without the adverbial suffix -ga: mi:ru mundu(ga:) ra:ndi ‘you (pl.)’ ‘before’ ‘come (pl.)’ ‘You come first’ The postpositional words can be reduplicated and used as adverbials. venaka venaka (-ga:) vastundi a:me ‘behind-behind’ ‘will come (she)’ ‘she’ ‘She comes behind’ (iii) Noun + Adverbial Marker tondaraga:, taratsuga:, a:lasyanga:, etc., ‘quickly’ ‘often’ ‘lately’ ne:nu tondaraga: vacca:nu ‘I’ ‘quickly’ ‘came-I’ ‘I came quickly’ 322 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase tondaraga: also occurs in reduplicated form. (iv) Temporal Nouns and Pronouns + Length ro:dzu + : = rodzu: ‘daily’ ‘day’ eppudu+ : = eppudu: ‘always’ ‘when’ a:me rodzu: vastundi ‘She’ ‘daily’ ‘will come-she’ ‘She comes daily’ (v) Participle Adjectives + appudu mi:ru vaccinappudu ne:nu le:nu ‘you (pl.)’ ‘came-then’ ‘I’ ‘was not (I)’ ‘I was not present when you came’ Similar examples can be given with progressive-present and future-habitual participles. (vi) Past Participle + tarva:ta, ventane: or a:naka a:me vaccina tarva:ta ne:nu va:cca:ni ‘she’ ‘came-after’ ‘I’ ‘came-I’ ‘I came after she came’ Similarly, exples with ventane: ‘immediately after’ and a:naka ‘after’ can be given. (vii) Future - Habitual Participle + mundu ne:nu vacce: mundu ka:fi: ta:gi va:cca:nu ‘I’ ‘coming-before’ ‘coffee’‘having drunk’ ‘came-I’ ‘I drank coffee before coming’ (viii) Participle Adjectives + A-R Phrases These are derived by adding A-R phrases to the participle adjectives. The A-R phrases are derived by adding case markers such as -ki/-ku, -lo:, -na, etc., to nouns such as samayam, ve:la ‘time’, etc. -ki/-ku is also added to appudu ‘then’ ‘that time’ and sari ‘alright’. It is to be noted that sari is added only to the future-habitual participle 323 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase adjective. e.g., tinna + appudu+ ki = tinnappatiki mandu tinnappatiki jvaram taggale:du ‘medicine’ ‘even-ate’ ‘fever’ ‘reduced-not’ ‘The fever did not reduce even after taking medicine’ annam tine: samayamlo: ma:tla:daku:dadu ‘food’ ‘eating-time-in’ ‘talk-should not’ ‘One should not talk while eating’ (ix) Past Participles Sometimes only a past participle acts as a temporal adverb. In such a case, a time indicating phrase or clause occurs immediately after the past participle. This ‘time indicator’ measures the duration from the time the action of the past participle took place. That is, the past participle expresses the point of time at which its own action took place. In other words, the past participle and the following ‘time indicator’ tell the time when the action of the past participle took place. e.g., a:me vacci oka ganta se:pu ayyindi ‘she’ ‘having come’ ‘one’ ‘hour’ ‘time’ ‘happened-it’ ‘She came an hour back’ In the above sentence vacci is the past participle and oka ganta se:pu is the ‘time indicator’. Both together indicate the time when the action of vas(c)- ‘come’ took place. (x) Past Participle + und- + -ga: bratiki undaga:, vacci undaga:, etc. These adverbials express the meaning of ‘when’ or ‘while’ in English. Either the finite verb in the principle clause in past or in future, or the principal clause is with a question word. e.g., ne:nu bratiki undaga: i: pani dzaragadu ‘I’ ‘having lived-while’ ‘this’ ‘work’ ‘will not happen’ ‘This will not happen when I was alive’ 324 A study of the Structure of Telugu Phrases Adverb Phrase ne:nu bratiki undaga: idi ela: dzarigindi ‘I’ ‘while alive’ ‘this’ ‘how’ ‘happened’ ‘How did this happen when I am alive’ Sometimes, these forms with the emphatic marker -me: can occur when the finite verb in the principal clause is positive/ e.g., a:me bratiki undaga:me: idi dzarigindi ‘This happened only when she was alive’ (xi) Progressive Participle + -nu: vastu:ne:, tintune:, a:dutu:ne:, etc. a:me vastu:ne ne:nu bayalude:raenu ‘she’ ‘as soon as came’ ‘I’ ‘started-I’ ‘As soon as she came I left’ (xii) Reduplicated Progressive Participles vastu: vastu:, po:tu: po:tu:, tintu tintu:, navvutu: navvutu:, etc. When a reduplicated progressive participle is used as an adverb, the sentence in which it is used indicates that the subject performed the action of the main verb while the action of the verb in the reduplicated participle is in progress; or in other words, the subject performs both the actions simultaneously. e.g., a:me navvutu: navvutu: ma:tla:dutundi ‘she’ ‘laughing’ ‘laughing’ ‘will talk (she)’ ‘She speaks smilingly’ ne:nu vastu: vastu: a:menu tsu:si vacca:nu ‘I’ ‘coming’ ‘coming’ ‘her-to’‘having-seen’ ‘came-I’ ‘I saw her while coming’ (xiii) Progressive Participle + Conditional Form of un(d)- vastu: unte:, veltu: unte:, aidutu: unte:, ra:stu: unte:, etc. In the above forms unte: indicates the meaning of ‘while performing the action of the verb whose participle precedes it’. That is, the action of the finite verb in the finite clause 325