5G Radio Access Networks: Centralized RAN, Cloud-RAN, and Virtualization of Small Cells 5G Radio Access Networks: Centralized RAN, Cloud-RAN, and Virtualization of Small Cells By Hrishikesh Venkatarman and Ramona Trestian CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4710-3 (paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the con- sequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright. com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Venkatarman, Hrishikesh, author. | Trestian, Ramona, 1983- author. Title: 5G radio access networks : centralized RAN, cloud-RAN, and virtualization of small cells / Hrishikesh Venkatarman and Ramona Trestian. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016039396| ISBN 9781498747103 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315230870 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Wireless LANs. | Cell phone systems. | Cloud computing. Classification: LCC TK5105.78 .V46 2017 | DDC 621.3845/6--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039396 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................xi Editors ....................................................................................................................................xiii Contributors .............................................................................................................................xv SeCtion i 5G RAn ARCHiteCtUReS AnD APPLiCAtionS 1 Frameless Network Architecture for User-Centric 5G Radio Access Networks ...........3 XIAODONG XU, ZHAO SUN, AND JIAXIANG LIU 2 Distributed Architecture of 5G Mobile Networks for Efficient Computation Management in Mobile Edge Computing ..................................................................29 ZDENEK BECVAR, MATEJ ROHLIK, PAVEL MACH, MICHAL VONDRA, TOMAS VANEK, MIGUEL A. PUENTE, AND FELICIA LOBILLO 3 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes for Next-Generation 5G Networks: A Survey .....................................................................................................................51 NAMADEV BHUVANASUNDARAM, HUAN X. NGUYEN, RAMONA TRESTIAN, AND QUOC-TUAN VIEN 4 Performance Evaluation of NOMA under Wireless Downlink Cloud Radio Access Networks Environments ..................................................................................67 QUOC-TUAN VIEN, NGOZI OGBONNA, HUAN X. NGUYEN, RAMONA TRESTIAN, AND PURAV SHAH 5 Cloud Computing: The Flexible Future .....................................................................85 JOANNA KUSZNIER, XUAN THUY DANG, AND MANZOOR AHMED KHAN SeCtion ii 5G RAn ViRtUALiZAtion SoLUtionS 6 Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization for C-RAN Systems ........................................................................................................117 MASSIMO CONDOLUCI, TOKTAM MAHMOODI, AND GIUSEPPE ARANITI 7 Software-Defined Networking in the World of C-RAN ...........................................135 BOLAGALA SRAVYA AND HRISHIKESH VENKATARAMAN 8 Managing Mobility with SDN: A Practical Walkthrough .......................................145 XUAN THUY DANG AND MANZOOR AHMED KHAN v vi ◾ Contents 9 Autonomic Network Management ...........................................................................185 MANZOOR AHMED KHAN 10 Distributed Data Aggregation and Compression for 5G Virtual RAN IoT Sensor Applications ..................................................................................................227 NIKOS DELIGIANNIS AND SPYRIDON LOUVROS 11 5G C-RAN Uplink Cross-Layer Optimization to Support Massive Traffic Sensor Network Services ..........................................................................................263 SPYRIDON LOUVROS AND NIKOS DELIGIANNIS Index .................................................................................................................................287 Preface In the ever-evolving telecommunication industry, smart mobile computing devices have become increasingly affordable and powerful, leading to a significant growth in the number of advanced mobile users and their bandwidth demands. According to Cisco, high-end devices such as smart- phones, iPhones, netbooks, and laptops will account for 24.3 EB per month of data traffic by 2019. In order to achieve this, alternate solutions are required wherein traditional base stations can be replaced by more generic, simple, and small-sized nodes that can carry out minimal tasks such as radiofrequency operations, while moving other computationally intensive tasks such as resource allocation, baseband processing, and so on to a centralized location. In this context, a centralized or cloud radio access network (C-RAN) offers many advantages over a traditional radio access net- work and the architectural design and techniques offered by C-RAN make it a strong candidate to be incorporated into the 5G wireless network standard. C-RAN would enable joint scheduling and processing between multiple cells, which would eventually enable a collaborative radio envi- ronment. Notably, C-RAN would enable a seamless integration between multiple operators and a multiproduct vendor design. On similar lines, small cells have also been looked at, for moving the computation from the user terminal/device to the network; either to the small cell node itself or to the core network. In this regard, the functionality of small cells resembles that offered by the C-RAN. In fact, with the rapid development of network function virtualization (NFV) in the telecommunication world, communication service providers and product vendors have been look- ing to offer virtualized small cells. organization of the Book Being at a very nascent stage, C-RAN and virtualized small cell technology poses several major research challenges. This book aims to provide a deeper insight into the next generation of RAN architecture; especially in the presence of virtualization and the cloud environment. The book will present a survey of the coexistence of software-defined networking (SDN), C-RAN, and small cell solutions proposed in the literature at different levels, for example, physical characteristics, open access, dynamic resource allocation, technology neutrality, coverage obligations, the minimiza- tion of interference problems, and so on. The book is structured into two main sections. The first section on 5G RAN Architectures and Applications, describes the current challenges in the radio access network environment, which leads to the next generation of wireless networks. It includes important chapters written by researchers from prestigious laboratories in China, the Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom, which each present what is currently state of the art in the area of next-gener- ation 5G networks, including possible architectures and solutions, performance evaluation and vii viii ◾ Preface interference mitigation, resource allocation management, energy efficiency and cloud computing, and so on. The 5G RAN Architectures and Applications section consists of five chapters. The fol- lowing offers a brief description of each of the chapters in this section: Chapter 1 discusses a new kind of user-centric network architecture for the next generation of mobile systems (5G), referred to as a Frameless Network Architecture (FNA). The proposed FNA decomposes the functionality of the traditional base station into a centralized processing entity (CPE) and an antenna element (AE), such that the CPE will maintain the networking, implement the signal processing, handle the control plane and user place, manage the radio resources, and construct on-demand user-centric serving sets. Chapter 2 identifies the need for a distributed architecture in 5G networks for efficient compu- tation management in mobile edge computing. Importantly, it introduces two options for newly distributed deployments of the management unit. The chapter also discusses the integration of the proposed solution into 5G mobile networks based on C-RAN. Through an analysis and simula- tions of the proposed architectures, we prove that both signaling delay and signaling load could be significantly reduced compared with centralized solutions. Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive survey of the latest developments and the use of nonor- thogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes for next-generation 5G networks. The survey first provides a comparison between orthogonal multiple access schemes and NOMA schemes, iden- tifying the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technologies. The solutions offered by NOMA schemes for the uplink and downlink transmissions are discussed with an emphasis on the NOMA-based solutions for downlink transmissions. Chapter 4 looks into the performance evaluation of a NOMA-based mechanism used within the wireless downlink cloud radio access network (WD-CRAN) environment. The mechanism makes use of successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers in order to enhance the reception and to lay multiple base stations over each other in the power domain. Chapter 5 begins with a detailed background and terminologies to set a common understand- ing of cloud computing, toward a flexible networking future. The chapter will detail future network clouds and the need for efficient frameworks for cloud management and control. Furthermore, the chapter will outline OpenStack in order to offer the reader the tools for experimenting. The second section, entitled 5G RAN Virtualization Solutions, presents various solutions proposed by world-known researchers in different areas of software-defined networks and vir- tualization. It includes important chapters written by researchers from prestigious laboratories in Belgium, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, and the United Kingdom, presenting results in the areas of software-defined networks, mobility management, the Internet of things (IoT), sensor applications, and so on. The 5G RAN virtualization solutions section consists of six chapters; the following offers a brief description of each of these. Chapter 6 discusses two enabling technologies for C-RAN that allow decoupling beyond baseband and radio, that is, SDN and NFV. Importantly, the pros and cons of these enabling technologies are thoroughly discussed. Chapter 7 begins with an introduction on the need for SDN. The new SDN paradigm is then briefly explained and compared with traditional networks. Furthermore, following a bottom-up approach, an in-depth overview of SDN architecture is provided. Chapter 8 is a detailed chapter that provides a comprehensive yet practical walkthrough for managing the mobility of next-generation wireless networks with SDN. Chapter 9 provides a detailed description of self-x network management, beginning with auto- nomic and cognitive networking and then goes on to describe in detail the proposed next-genera- tion self-configurable and self-optimized framework. Preface ◾ ix Chapter 10 discusses different distributed data aggregation mechanisms and compression techniques for the 5G virtual RAN IoT-based sensor applications. It shows the mechanism for combining a centralized C-RAN architecture for the mobile cloud and a cluster head– based archi- tecture for the wireless sensor network. Also, it demonstrates the importance of their approach in two application domains— the distributed aggregation of temperature measurements and distributed video coding of visual data obtained with wireless visual sensors. Chapter 11 explains the 5G C-RAN uplink cross-layer optimization mechanism to support massive traffic in sensor network services. Importantly, the chapter investigates and studies the planning difficulties and restrictions that are related to interference, throughput, accessibility, and uplink connectivity, proposing solutions and rules to be followed. Furthermore, it explains why C-RAN planners should fulfill the proposed recommendations when optimizing the 5G IoT’ s network performance. The prospective audiences for this book are mainly undergraduate students, postgraduate stu- dents, and researchers who are interested in learning more about the latest developments in the areas of mobile and wireless communications. It also targets industry professionals who are work- ing or are interested in this area, providing them with a reference to the latest efforts that advance the research further by addressing some of the shortcomings of the existing solutions. The editors wish you a pleasant reading. Hrishikesh Venkataraman Indian Institute of Information Technology , India Ramona Trestian Middlesex University, United Kingdom MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA Tel: 508 647 7000 Fax: 508-647-7001 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.mathworks.com