McGRAW-HILL 5 Steps to a 5 AP Physics B and C Other books in McGraw-Hill’s 5 Steps to a 5 Series include: AP Biology AP Calculus AB AP Chemistry AP English Language AP English Literature AP Microeconomics/Macroeconomics AP Psychology AP Spanish Language AP Statistics AP U.S. Government and Politics AP U.S. History AP World History Writing the AP English Essay McGRAW-HILL 5 Steps to a 5 AP Physics B and C Greg Jacobs and Josh Schulman M G -H C RAW ILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 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For more information about this title, click here Contents (Entries preceded by a C! are of special relevance for Physics C students; those preceded by a B! are relevant for Physics B students) Preface: How to Approach Your Physics Course / xi Ignore Your Grade / xi Don’t Bang Your Head Against a Brick Wall / xi Work With Other People / xii Ask Questions When Appropriate / xii Keep an Even Temper / xii Don’t Cram / xii Never Forget, Physics Is “Phun” / xiii Acknowledgments / xv PART I HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Welcome! / 3 Why This Book? / 3 Organization of the Book / 3 Introduction to the Five-Step Program / 4 Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Physics Exam / 4 Calendar for Each Plan / 6 Introduction to the Graphics Used in This Book / 9 PART II WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE AP PHYSICS EXAM Background of the Advanced Placement Program / 13 Who Writes the AP Physics Exam? / 13 The AP Grades and Who Receives Them / 13 What’s the Difference Between Physics B and Physics C? / 13 Reasons for Taking the AP Physics Exam / 14 Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Physics Exam / 14 Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam / 18 Answers and Explanations / 24 PART III PHYSICS-SPECIFIC TEST-TAKING ADVICE Chapter A Memorizing Equations in the Shower / 31 Chapter B How to Approach the Multiple-Choice Section / 37 vv vi • Contents Chapter C How to Approach the Free-Response Section / 45 Chapter D Lab Questions / 49 Chapter E Extra Review of Fundamental Topics / 53 PART IV COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW Chapter 1 A Bit About Vectors / 65 Scalars / 65 Vector Basics / 65 Graphic Representation of Vectors / 66 Vector Components / 66 Adding and Subtracting Vectors / 67 Practice Problems / 70 Solutions to Practice Problems / 71 Chapter 2 Free-Body Diagrams and Equilibrium / 72 What Is a Free-Body Diagram? / 72 Equilibrium / 73 Normal Force / 75 Tension / 76 Friction / 78 Inclined Planes / 81 Torque / 82 Practice Problems / 84 Solutions to Practice Problems / 85 Rapid Review / 86 Chapter 3 Kinematics / 87 Velocity, Acceleration, and Displacement / 87 Fundamental Kinematics Equations / 88 Kinematics Problem Solving / 89 Freefall / 90 Projectile Motion / 92 Motion Graphs / 94 Practice Problems / 96 Solutions to Practice Problems / 97 Rapid Review / 98 = Chapter 4 Newton’s Second Law, F ma / 99 net The Four-Step Problem-Solving Process / 99 Only NETForce Equals ma / 100 F on Inclines / 101 net F for a Pulley / 103 net Newton’s Third Law / 105 Solution to Example Problem / 105 Practice Problems / 106 Solutions to Practice Problems / 108 Rapid Review / 108 Chapter 5 Momentum / 109 Momentum and Impulse / 109 Conservation of Momentum / 111 Contents • vii Elastic and Inelastic Collisions / 111 Two-Dimensional Collisions / 112 Practice Problems / 113 Solutions to Practice Problems / 114 Rapid Review / 115 Chapter 6 Energy Conservation / 116 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem / 116 Potential Energy / 118 Conservation of Energy: Problem-Solving Approach / 118 Springs / 120 Power / 121 C! Potential Energy vs. Displacement Graphs / 121 Practice Problems / 123 Solutions to Practice Problems / 124 Rapid Review / 124 Chapter 7 Gravitation and Circular Motion / 125 Velocity and Acceleration in Circular Motion / 125 Centripetal Forces / 126 Mass on a String / 127 Car on a Curve / 128 Newton’s Law of Gravitation / 129 C! Kepler’s Laws / 130 Practice Problems / 132 Solutions to Practice Problems / 133 Rapid Review / 134 Chapter 8 Advanced Rotational Motion / 135 C! Rotational Kinematics / 135 C! Moment of Inertia / 137 C! Newton’s Second Law for Rotation / 138 C! Rotational Kinetic Energy / 139 C! Angular Momentum and Its Conservation / 140 C! Practice Problems / 142 C! Solutions to Practice Problems / 143 C! Rapid Review / 144 Chapter 9 Simple Harmonic Motion / 145 Amplitude, Period, and Frequency / 145 Vibrating Mass on a Spring / 146 Simple Pendulums / 148 C! The Sinusoidal Nature of SHM / 150 Practice Problems / 151 Solutions to Practice Problems / 151 Rapid Review / 152 Chapter 10 Thermodynamics / 153 B! Heat, Temperature, and Power / 153 B! Thermal Expansion / 155 B! Ideal Gas Law / 155 B! Kinetic Theory of Gases / 156 B! First Law of Thermodynamics / 157 viii • Contents B! PVDiagrams / 158 B! Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics / 162 B! Entropy / 164 B! Practice Problems / 164 B! Solutions to Practice Problems / 165 B! Rapid Review / 166 Chapter 11 Fluid Mechanics / 167 B! Pressure and Density / 167 B! Pressure in a Static Fluid Column / 168 B! Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle / 170 B! Pascal’s Principle / 171 B! Flowing Fluids / 172 B! Practice Problems / 175 B! Solutions to Practice Problems / 176 B! Rapid Review / 177 Chapter 12 Electrostatics / 178 Electric Charge / 178 Electric Fields / 179 Force of an Electric Field / 180 Electric Potential / 181 Special Geometries for Electrostatics / 184 C! Gauss’s Law / 188 Practice Problems / 189 Solutions to Practice Problems / 190 Rapid Review / 191 Chapter 13 Circuits / 192 Current / 192 Resistance and Ohm’s Law / 193 Resistors in Series and in Parallel / 194 The V-I-RChart / 196 Kirchoff’s Laws / 198 Circuits from an Experimental Point of View / 201 RC Circuits: Steady-State Behavior / 202 C! RC Circuits: Transitional Behavior / 204 Practice Problems / 206 Solutions to Practice Problems / 207 Rapid Review / 208 Chapter 14 Magnetism / 210 Magnetic Fields / 210 Long, Straight Current-Carrying Wires / 212 Moving Charged Particles / 213 Mass Spectrometry / 216 C! Important Consequences of Biot–Savart and Ampere’s Law / 217 B! C! Induced EMF / 218 C! Inductors in Circuits / 222 Practice Problems / 225 Solutions to Practice Problems / 226 Rapid Review / 226