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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. ABOUT THE AUTHORS MARK ANESTIS was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and has lived in Connecticut since the age of six. He graduated from Weston High School in Weston, Connecticut, in 1993 and attended Yale University. While taking science courses in preparation for medical school, he earned a bachelor’s degree cum laude in economics. He attended the University of Connecticut School of Medicine for two years and passed the step 1 boards, then chose to redirect his energy toward educating students in a one-on-one environment. He is the founder and director of The Learning Edge, a tutoring company based in Hamden, Connecticut (www.thelearningedge.net). Since January 2000, he has been tutoring high school students in math, the sciences, and standardized test preparation (including the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject Tests). In addition to this review book, he has coauthored McGraw-Hill’s SAT, McGraw-Hill’s PSAT/NMSQT, and McGraw-Hill’s 12 SAT Practice Tests and PSAT. He lives with his wife and sons in Hamden, Connecticut. The author also created the SAT Ladder app (www.satladder.com), which allows students to prepare for the SAT while competing against other students to see how high they can climb on the SAT Ladder. The app is available on the App Store. KELLIE PLOEGER COX is from Spokane, Washington. She earned her PhD in microbiology, molecular biology, and biochemistry from the University of Idaho. She now lives in Connecticut, where she has been a member of the science department at Hopkins School since 1999. Kellie teaches Introductory Biology, AP Biology, and Contemporary Issues in Biology and loves all things nerdy. She lives in Southington with her husband, Bobby, and her two girls, Raina and Kenley, along with a gaggle of critters. CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: The Five-Step Program The Four “Big Ideas” of AP Biology STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program 1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam Background of the Advanced Placement Program Who Writes the AP Biology Exam The AP Grades and Who Receives Them Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam 2 How to Plan Your Time Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam Calendar for Each Plan STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness 3 Take a Diagnostic Exam Diagnostic/Master Exam: AP Biology Answers and Explanations Scoring and Interpretation STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success 4 How to Approach Each Question Type Multiple-Choice Questions Free-Response Questions STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High 5 Chemistry Introduction Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins Enzymes pH: Acids and Bases Reactions Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 6 Cells Introduction Types of Cells Organelles Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model Types of Cell Transport Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 7 Respiration Introduction Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 8 Photosynthesis Introduction The Players in Photosynthesis The Reactions of Photosynthesis Types of Photosynthesis Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 9 Cell Division Introduction Cell Division in Prokaryotes The Cell Cycle Mitosis Control of Cell Division Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms Meiosis Life Cycles Sources of Cell Variation Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 10 Heredity Introduction Terms Important in Studying Heredity Mendel and His Peas Intermediate Inheritance Other Forms of Inheritance Sex Determination and Sex Linkage Linkage and Gene Mapping Heads or Tails? Pedigrees Common Disorders Chromosomal Complications Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 11 Molecular Genetics Introduction DNA Structure and Function RNA Structure and Function Replication of DNA Transcription of DNA RNA Processing Translation of RNA Gene Expression The Genetics of Viruses The Genetics of Bacteria Genetic Engineering Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 12 Evolution Introduction Definition of Evolution Natural Selection Lamarck and Darwin Adaptations Types of Selection Evolution Patterns Sources of Variation Speciation When Evolution Is Not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium The Evidence for Evolution Macroevolution How Life Probably Emerged Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 13 Taxonomy and Classification Introduction Five or Six Kingdoms? Kingdom Monera Endosymbiotic Theory Kingdom Protista