Index Abraham, 74, 160 Amaseo, Romulo, 272 Achilles, 27, 109, 297 Amazons, 9 Acoma, 313 Ambarvalia, 275 Acosta, José de, 226, 269, 370n. 9 Amboto, 241 Aduatuci, 118 Ambrose, St., 64f., 74, 77, 80, 89, 126, Aelius Aristides, 392n. 183 151, 152, 161 Aeneas, 25, 210, 306 Amburbium, 275 Africans, 62, 91 Anchises, 89 Agathocles, 329n. 7 Andreae, Johannes, 142 Aguilar, Francisco de, 14–15, 171, 319 Antequera (New Spain = mod. Oax- Aguirre, Lope de, 330n. 9, 331n. 25 aca), 124f. Alanus Anglicus, 180 Antilles, 132, 215, 238, 244, 251, 323 Alaric, 198, 205, 211 Antinous, 260 Albertus Magnus, 218 Antiochus I, 164 Albornoz, Bartolomé de, 169 Antonia Minor, 251 Alcalá, 11, 126, 200, 221, 246; Univer- Antoninus Pius, 66, 91f., 98 sity of, 3, 61, 85, 88, 93, 104, 106, Antony (Marcus Antonius), 163 114, 120, 122, 158, 172, 190, 225, 320 Anubis, 259 Alcántara, 224, 291, 393n. 191 Appian, 223, 232f., 309 Alcibiades, 163 Aquinas, St. Thomas. SeeThomas Alexander of Aphrodisias, 105 Aquinas, St.; see also Alexander VI (pope), 129, 130, 134, Pseudo-Aquinas 136, 179, 180 Arabs, 139 Alexander the Great, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22, Aranda de Duero, 126 23, 27, 63, 87, 109, 128, 164, 171, Araucanian Indians, 225, 298–317 182, 210, 241, 291, 297, 311 Arcadius, 46 Alfonso VI of Castile, 44 Arcos, Miguel de, 70, 78, 150–57 Alfonso VII of Castile, 44 areitos (Caribbean dances), 59, Alfonso X of Castile (“El Sabio”), 244–47, 252, 255, 294, 314, 324 44f., 203f., 206, 211, 219, 265, 359n. Arfe, Juan de, 372n. 28 83 Argo, Argonauts, 25, 30, 334nn. 60, 62 Almagro, Diego de, 30, 54, 334n. 62 Ariosto, 49 Alvarado, Pedro de, 14, 39 Aristobulus, 191 Alyattes, 311f. Aristotle, 91f., 104, 105, 190; de‹nition Amadís de Gaula, 29, 237, 295 of “civilization,” 5, 258, 266, 289; 425 426 Index Aristotle (continued) Bello, Andrés, 299 on “natural slaves,” 3, 43, 59, 71, Bergamensis, Philippus (Jacope Fil- 89, 99, 113f., 119, 120, 122, 135, 174, ippo Foresti da Bergamo), 163 237, 320. See alsoPseudo-Aristotle Berosus (Pseudo-), 199, 210, 215–18 Armenians, 91 Betanzos, Domingo de, 234 Arpinum, 33 Bias of Priene, 311 Arredondo y Alvarado, Gonzalo, 49 Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), 134 Arrian, 297 Biondo, Flavio, 262, 272, 273, 279f. Asclepius, 248, 249 Bocchus, 32 Assyrians, 90, 146, 182 Boemus, Johann, 277 Asturias, 241 Boethius, 140 Atahualpa, 70, 249 Bologna: Charles V’s entry into, 49, Atargatis, 272 105, 109, 111; Colegio de San Athens, Athenians, 137, 205, 319 Clemente, 104, 111; University of, Athens (Georgia), 236 168, 293 Atlantis, 217 Boniface, Count, 117f. Atlas, 216, 217 Borgia, Cesare, 10 Augusta Emerita (Mérida), 235 Brazil, Brazilians, 302 Augustine, St., 49, 64f., 74, 80, 84, 89, Brigo, 210, 215 90, 92, 93, 95f., 99, 100, 108, 109, Brigos, 210 115–17, 137, 138, 145f., 158, 161, British Empire, 102 163, 174, 175, 186, 187, 205, 206, 256, British Museum, 155 268, 271, 291, 297 Britons, 110, 227, 240 Augustus (Octavian), 13, 47, 49, 63, Brutus, Lucius Junius, 297 64, 66, 68, 82, 97, 125, 152, 154, 162, Bry, Theodor de, 227 163, 167, 193, 212, 214, 218, 220, 306 Bollinger, Heinrich, 275 Aurelius, Marcus, 49, 50–52, 196, 208 Burgos, 54, 204; Laws of, 59 Avempace, 208 Burton, Robert, 227 Averroes, 208 Byzantines, 131 Azores, 217 Aztecs (Mexicans, Mexica): 8, 69, 73, Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 26 88, 132, 161, 174, 190, 241, 243, 252, Caesar, Julius, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 258, 268, 288, 300, 301, 302, 304, 321, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 322, 325 37, 43, 50, 65, 68, 96, 97, 107f., 109, 110, 111, 118, 119, 152, 163, 209, 227, Babylonians, 90, 163 253, 293, 302 Bacchanalia, 243, 263, 277, 278 Cajamarca, 70, 82, 219 Bacchus (Dionysos), 137, 248, 262, Cajetán (Gaetano), Cardinal (Tom- 267, 269 maso de Vio), 74, 77, 105, 157 Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 11 Calancha, Antonio de la, 336n. 83 Baldo degli Ubaldi, 142 California, 9 Baronio, Cardinal Cesare, 388n. 120 Calvin, John, 278 Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 72, 81, 97, Camden, William, 227 141 Camillus Marcus Furius, 244, 303 Basel, 237, 272 Canary Islands, 216, 218 Batman, Stephen, 376n. 70 Candlemas, 274, 281 index 427 Cañete, 305 Cholula, 171 Cano, Melchor, 68, 133; association Choul, Guillaume du, 279, 282–86 with Morales, 225f.;De dominio Christ, 38, 47, 67, 71, 80, 89, 90, 96, Indorum (Alcalá, 1546), 62, 85–93, 104, 154, 157, 178, 179, 180, 184 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 110, 114, 123, Cicero, 10, 27, 118, 138, 140, 231, 248, 141, 143, 154, 156, 231, 292, 356n. 257, 297, 329n. 9 45; opposes Sepúlveda, 104, 120–22, Cieza de León, Pedro, 208, 290f., 294, 127; on Roman conquest of Spain, 297, 384n. 36 4–5, 188, 189–93, 204, 220, 221 Cincinnatus, 111, 303 Cape Verde Islands, 216, 217 Clement of Alexandria, 269 Caramanico, Marinus da, 65 Clement VII, 105, 111 Carpi, 105, 108, 116 Cloelia, 316 Carranza, Bartolomé de, 62, 82–85, 94, Cluverius, Philip, 227 98, 100, 114, 143 Codrus, 304 Carthaginians, 176, 177, 178, 183, 185, Columbus (Colón), Christopher, 41, 194, 203, 209, 215, 218, 221, 265, 53, 123, 129, 132, 178, 179, 180, 266f., 308–9 213–17, 219, 238, 260, 323 Caspueñas, 158 Columbus (Colón), Diego, 58 Castellanos, Juan de, 212f., 323–24 Columbus (Colón), Ferdinand, 216 Castiglione, Baldassare, 55 Columella, 248 Castilla de Oro, 24 Concepción (Chile), 298, 304 Catholic Monarchs, 123, 129, 131, 179, Constantine, 64, 74, 99, 161, 179, 199, 181, 184, 195, 200, 212, 216 200 Catiline, 252, 254 Constantinople, 237, 280 Cato the Elder, 116, 118, 330n. 15 Córdoba, 104, 193, 210, 225, 393n. 191 Cato the Younger, 96, 116, 236, 304 Córdoba, Pedro de, 53 Caupolicán (Teopolicán), 305, 307f. Corinth, Corinthians, 113, 267 Celtiberians, 205, 207 Cornelia, 250, 306, 316 Ceres (Demeter), 241, 243, 273, 274, 281 Coronado, Francisco Vázquez, 318 Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco, 11f., Cortés, Hernán, 2, 8, 9–13, 14, 15, 16, 329n. 7, 333n. 49 20–23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32–42, Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 10, 55, 75–77, 88, 93, 101, 119, 124, 131, 224f., 310f., 323 160, 171, 174, 191f., 209, 217, 237, Charlemagne, 44 253, 296, 300, 301, 318 Charles V (Charles I of Spain; Holy Cortés de Buenaventura, Francisco, 9 Roman Emperor), 17, 28, 31, 35, 39, Council of the Indies, 15, 53, 122, 127, 57, 60, 62, 105, 106, 109, 119, 123, 133, 155, 214, 236, 239 130, 131, 155–61, 162, 196, 198, 201, Covarrubias, Diego de, 88f. 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 216, 219; Cozumel, 260 as “Roman emperor,” 3, 8, 9, Crassus, 111 43–56, 92, 99, 175, 186f. Cravaliz, Agustín de, 209 Chassenuez (Chassanaeus), Cromberger, Jacopo, 36, 38, 51, 211, Barthelémy, 162f. 215 Chiapas, 127, 170, 234, 289–90 Cruz, Domingo de la, 234 Chichén Itzá, 177f., 182f., 185 Cruz, Francisco de la, 158 Chile, 30, 225, 289f., 298 Cuauhnahuac (Cuernavaca), 300 428 Index Cuauhtémoc, 32–35, 42, 171, 300, 318 112, 119, 122, 125, 126, 127, 159, 166, Cuba, 9, 10, 60, 176, 178, 183, 185, 215, 230, 296, 319 221, 276 Enrique III, 197 Cuevas, Domingo de las, 93 Enrique IV, 205 Cumaná (Venezuela), 61 Enríquez, Pedro, 213 Curio, Caelius Secundus, 233 Enríquez de Guzmán, Francisco, 54 Curius, Marius (Dentatus), 116, 175, epulones,261 303 Erasmus, 45, 55, 106f., 108, 118, 142, Curtius, 302 389n. 136 Cuzco, 30, 236f., 290, 292–95, 316 Ercilla, Alonso de, 6, 225, 298–316, Cybele (Berecynthia), 261, 263, 267f. 319, 322 Cyprus, 248 Espinal, Alonso del, 60 Cyrus, 145 Esplandián, Sergas de, 29 Estienne, Henri, 271 Daedalus, 248 Ethiopia, 218 Daniel, 63, 163 Etna, 22 Dante, 38, 45, 154, 312 Etruria, Etruscans, 244, 247, 324 Darién, 167, 177, 206, 212, 213, 250, Euripides, 10 306 Eusebius of Caesarea, 216, 264, 269 Darius, 163 Eutropius, 205 David, 63, 73, 96 “Extirpación” (Peru), 287 Dávila, Pedrarías, 19 Decii, Publii, 302 Fabius Maximus Cunctator, 116 Decius Mundus, 259 Fabricius, 116 Diana (Artemis), 272–74 Feralia, 274 Díaz, Juan, 236 Ferdinand of Aragon, 45, 59, 129, 200 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 2, 9–11, Fernández, Gonzalo, 109 12–19, 23, 26, 29, 32–42, 50, 127, Fernández de Enciso, Martín, 206–7 171, 191, 237, 294, 301, 311, 312, 318 Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo: classi- Díaz del Luco, Bernal, 53, 155 cal parallels for New World phe- Dido, 306–8, 319 nomena, 5, 237–55, 269, 294, 306, Diodorus Siculus, 176, 193f. 314, 324, 369n. 9; on early Spain, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 144, 269 198, 201, 209–20; on fall of Dominicans, 15, 56, 58–61, 93, 102, Jerusalem, 36f., 40, 124; on Indies as 103, 106, 116, 120, 129, 151, 166, 168, Hesperides, 176, 214, 216–19, 251; 188, 210, 225, 234, 238, 303, 320 and Las Casas, 136, 147, 180, 181, Domitian, 48 242, 289; and Pliny the Elder, 2, 22, Drusus, Tiberius Claudius, 251 23, 27–30, 37, 244, 248, 252, 253, Duero, 55, 265 276, 314; on Romans as inferior to Durán, Diego, 40, 286, 323 Spaniards, 19–31, 32, 321 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 100–101, Egeria, 292 191 Egypt, Egyptians, 218, 257, 260, 283, Flora, Floralia, 263, 268, 275, 280, 288 284, 296 Florence, 249, 272 Eleusinian Mysteries, 265 Florida, 287, 318 encomienda, encomenderos,58, 59, Florus, Lucius Annaeus, 204, 223 index 429 France, Frenchmen, 79, 90, 99, 230, Democrates secundus, 94, 103, 106, 240, 323 112–22, 127, 133, 190, 208, 270, 311; Franciscans, 56, 60, 238, 244; as educa- Gonsalus,108f.; De rebus Hispano- tors of Mexican youths, 5, 230–34, rum, 106, 300f.; De regno et regis 319, 322 of‹cio,356n. 52, 385n. 59 Franco, Francisco, 196 Giraldi, Lilio Gregorio, 262, 272 Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor), Gómara, Francisco. SeeLópez de 280 Gómara, Francisco Fresia, 307–9 Gómez Carrillo, García, 109 Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, 303 González de Valdés, Francisco, 30 González Rodríguez, Jaime, 23 Gaeta, 105 Gonzalo, “Capitán,” 250f., 306 Galicia, 287 Goths (Visigoths), 197–200, 204, 205, Galli (priests of Cybele), 261, 262, 267, 206, 207, 209, 211, 218, 219, 221, 235 272 Gracchus, Tiberius, 250, 306 Galvarino, 310 Granada, 41, 129, 216, 241 Gamaliel (romance), 152f., 156f., Gratian (emperor), 125 363n. 5 Gratian (jurist), 77, 140, 145 Gante, Pedro de, 244 Greeks, 100, 138, 205, 217, 240, 254, Garay, Francisco de, 13 257, 260, 261, 282, 296, 304 Garcés, Julián, 201–2, 220, 322 Gregorio (licenciado), 59, 113 García de Loaysa, Francisco, 112, Gregory the Great, 388n. 121 355n. 38 Grijalva, Juan de, 236 García de Salazar, Lope, 376n. 66 Grotius, Hugo, 69 García de Santa María, Alvar (Alonso Guajocingo, 22 de Cartagena), 204, 220, 221 Guatemala, 127 Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca, 198, Guayna Capac, 290, 311 293–96, 316, 378n. 88 Guevara, Antonio de, 50, 56, 207–8, Gattinara, Mercurino de, 45, 46, 81 209, 222, 223 Gauls, 110, 118, 203, 240, 266 Guevara, Felipe de, 372n. 28 Genesis, Book of, 74, 160 Guidela, 13 Genoa, 105 Guido de Baysio, 157 Germany, Germans, 52, 91, 131, 132, 227 Hadrian, 45, 208, 260 Gerona, 220 Hahn, Ulrich, 233 Geryon, 199, 218 Hannibal, 10, 13, 241 Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan: before Val- Hapsburgs, 44, 50, 55 ladolid debate, 98, 101, 103–22; in Hasdrubal, 309 Valladolid debate, 3, 4, 57, 61, 86, Hegesippus, 153 94, 103, 126–49, 154, 158, 175, 189, Henry VIII, 110 190, 202, 208, 209, 237, 258, 270, 311, Hercules, 26, 171, 204, 236 315, 320, 322; writings: Antapologia Hernández, Francisco, 25–27, 253 pro Alberto Pio, 106, 351n. 8; Hernández, Gonzalo, 10 Apologia,122, 353n. 1, 385n. 64; Hernández de Córdoba, Francisco, 40, Cohortatio ad Carolum V, 105, 178 375n. 59; Democrates primus, 111; Herodotus, 247, 271–72, 277, 312 430 Index Herrera, Fernando de, 372n. 28 Jaime of Aragón, 17 Hesperides, 176, 214, 216–19, 251 James, St. (Santiago), 193, 201, 202, Hesperus, 214, 216 322; Order of, 279 Hierapolis, 272 Janus, 275 hispanidad, 2, 189, 195–203, 229 Jason, 25–26, 30, 210 Hispaniola (Española), 58, 60, 61, 176, Jefferson, Thomas, 278 183, 185, 202, 215, 238, 243, 246, 257, Jehu, 248 287 Jerez (Xerez), Francisco de, 21 Hobbes, Thomas, 278 Jerome, St., 80, 158, 281, 297 Holguín, García, 32–35 Jerusalem: pageant “La Conquista de Homer, 26–27, 109, 254, 297, 304 Jeruslén” (Tlaxcala), 39; Pompey’s Honduras, 261 capture of, 101, 191, 192; siege in Honorius, 46 Jewish Revolt, 8, 35–41, 124, 152, Horatius, 302 178, 187, 237 Hostiensis (Enrico de Segusio), 71, 91, Jews, 21, 83, 90, 100, 101, 191, 192, 140–41, 157, 160, 180, 184 196, 259, 263, 282; as ancestors of Huitzilopochtli, 325 Indians, 40–41; in Jewish Revolt, human sacri‹ce, 76, 113, 135, 143, 203, 35–41, 124, 145, 153. See also 240, 254, 256, 263–67 Israelites; Judaea Hungarians, 160 Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo, 197, 204, Hyrcanus, 191 205, 219 Joffre, Juan, 51 Iarbas, 307 Josephus, 36–37, 124, 153, 191, 259 Iberians, ancient, 144, 265; as “true Juan, Infante Don, 19 Spaniards,” 4, 136, 189–90, 201–34, Juan II of Castile, 45, 247 262–63, 322 Judaea, 90, 101, 190–92 Icarus, 250 Julián, Count, 211 Illescas, Gonzalo de, 16 Julian the Apostate, 329n. 7, 376n. 66 Incas, 69, 258, 289, 291–93, 294, 302, Julius II, 107 322. See alsoAtahualpa; Cuzco; Jupiter, 242, 264 Peru Justin (epitomator), 193, 202, 307 Indies, Council of the. SeeCouncil of Juvenal, 280 the Indies Indiana University, 169, 174, 177, 182, Korçula, 168 183, 184 Innocent IV, 48 Lactantius, 137–38, 256, 263, 264–65, Isabel of Castile, 45, 59, 129 271 Isidore of Seville, 198, 215, 216 La‹tau, Joseph-François, 228 Isis, 259 Lagunillas, Las, 298, 304 Isla de Sacri‹cios, 236 Langley, Thomas, 282 Israelites, 114, 125 Laphria, 272 Italy, Italians, 98, 104, 110, 144–45, Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 18, 154, 155, 240, 246, 288, 323 156, 159, 305; and Cano, 88, 127, ius gentium,69, 70, 75, 87, 125, 189–94, 220, 221, 225f.; on early 143, 145, 157, 158, 162, 173, Iberians and Roman conquest of 256 Spain, 110, 190–203, 220–22, 225f., index 431 231, 262f., 265, 309f.; on Mon- Leonidas, 302 tesinos, 58, 60; and New Laws, 112, Leo X, 246 126; on Old World vs. New World Lescarbot, Marc, 227 societies, 4, 5, 6, 255–92, 293, 294, Lex Rhodia, 66, 91f., 98 299, 301f., 314–17, 322, 324; opposes Lida de Malkiel, María Rosa, 307 Sepúlveda before Valladolid debate, Lipsius, Justus, 213 120; and Oviedo, 20, 28, 176, 212, Livy, 100, 173, 175, 205, 222, 242, 243, 217–19, 238–40, 241, 242, 251; 244, 247, 263, 277, 291 Paletin’s attack on, 170, 171, 173, Loescher, Abraham, 272 179, 180f., 185; and Peña, 100, 101; Lombard, Peter, 68, 113 on Romans, before Valladolid López, Jerónimo, 229–34, 319, 322 debate, 122–33; on Romans, in Val- López de Ayala, Pedro, 211 ladolid debate, 3, 4, 57, 61, 94, López de Gómara, Francisco, 8, 11, 133–49, 229, 320; and Soto, 62, 127; 16, 20, 41, 217, 237, 334n. 59, 381n. 7 and Ulzurrum, 46, 49, 142, 146, 162; López de Zúñiga, Diego, 106f. and Vitoria, 121; writings: Luca da Penne, 158 Apologética historia, 126, 144, 147, Lucan, 117, 208, 298, 304 199f., 202f., 255–92, 314–16, 324, Lucas de Iranzo, Los hechos del con- 362n. 131; Apologia, 134–47, 166, destable don Miguel, 295 192–94, 256, 270; Brevísima Lucian of Samosata, 241, 272 relación, 123f., 171, 367n. 58; Carta Luke, Gospel of, 47, 89, 90, 92, 97f., al Consejo de Indias, 359n. 83; 99, 157, 162, 165, 178 Carta a un personaje de la corte, Lupercalia, 282 201; De exemptione sive damna- Lusitania, 235 tione, 124–26;Historia de las Luther, Martin, 278 Indias, 123, 190–92, 217–19, 239–40; Lycurgus, 247 Octavo remedio, 201;De regia Lyon, 69, 282, 283 potestate, 359n. 85; Treinta proposi- ciones, 127–30, 170, 180; Tratado Maccabees, 90, 192, 292 comprobatorio, 127–33 Macedonians, 163 Lasso de la Vega, Gabriel, 330n. 12 Madrid, 54, 55 Latin, instruction of Indian youths in, Madrigal, Alonso de (“El Tostado”), 202, 229–34, 296 216, 254 Lauca, 306–8 Magellan, 25, 26, 210 Lautaro, 302–3 Maia, 275 Lavinium, 263 Mair (Major), John, 59, 113, 136 law: divine, 62–64, 69, 72, 112, 125; Mallorcans, 250 human (positive), 62, 64, 69, 72, 262; Manco Inca, 312 international, 69, 75, 81; natural, Manrique, Jorge, 13 62f., 69, 71f., 81, 83, 86, 89, 98, 99, Manutius, Aldus (Aldo Manuzio), 105 112, 125, 137, 145, 170, 262; of war Marcellinus, 116, 117f. (ius belli),65, 67, 70, 71, 73, 77–82, Marcellus, 303 96f., 170, 182 Margarit, Joan, 220 Lazius, Wolfgang, 272 Maribio, 22 LeMoyne, Jacques, 227 Marineo Siculo, Lucio, 148, 167f., 177, León, Luis de, 50, 319 200f., 211, 212–15, 218, 291 432 Index Marius, 32–35, 109, 152, 171, 318 Monzón, 126 Mark, Gospel of, 67 Moors, 41, 58, 128, 139, 194, 196, Mars, 241, 243, 263 199, 204, 206, 209, 211, 218, 237, 241, Martial, 296 250 Martin (pope), 280 Morales, Ambrosio de, 5, 188, 220–26, Mártir de Anglería, Pedro (Pietro 228, 232, 310, 323 Martire d’Anghiera), 19, 53, 246f. More, Thomas, 151 Masaya, 22, 28 Motolinia (Fray Toribio de Maximilian I, 44, 50, 107, 108 Benavente), 26, 231, 287 Mayans, 236 Muñoz, Juan Bautista, 155, 169 mayas,275 Musurus, Marcus, 105 Medea, 30 Medina, Pedro de, 168 Nanni, Giovanni (Annius of Viterbo), Medina del Campo, 34, 381n. 8 199, 210, 215, 219 Mella, Antonio de, 241 Naples, 105, 216 Mena Juan de, 45, 295 Narváez, Pán‹lo de, 13, 26, 229 Mendieta, Gerónimo de, 256 Nebrija, Antonio de, 202 Mendoza, Antonio de, 165 Nebuchadnezzar, 72, 145, 152, 163, Mérida (Spain), 235f. 164 Mérida (Yucatán), 235f. Neptune, 243 Metellus, 116, 205 Nero, 47, 171, 304, 329n. 9 Mexía, Pedro de, 50, 55, 249f., 254 Nerva, 48 México (New Spain), 106, 112, 229, New Laws, 112, 119, 122, 125, 126, 261, 267, 268, 287, 296, 323, 325 159, 166, 222, 230 México, University of, 4, 159, 166, Nicaragua, 243, 248 169, 319 Nice, Treaty of, 79 Michoacán, 53, 151, 156, 159 Nimrod, 164 Middleton, Conyers, 278 Noah, 248 Miletus, 311 Noche Triste, 15, 131, 237 Millarapue, 278, 304, 310, 322 Nueva Granada, 312 Milton, John, 278 Numantia, Numantines, 55, 110, 117, Minaya, Bernardino de, 201 204, 207, 208, 220, 221, 222–24, 300, Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 340n. 17 310–11, 323 Mohammed, 128 Numa Pompilius, 208, 292 Molina, Juan de, 152 Montaigne, Michel de, 1, 50, 148, 215, Oaxaca (Antequera), 124 302, 392n. 185, 396n. 216 Ocampo, Florián de, 50, 219, 221, 225, Montalvo, Rodríguez de, 9, 295, 328n. 226, 265, 359n. 83 5 Olaus Magnus, 198, 251 Montejo, Francisco de (el Mozo), 168, Oldradus da Ponte, 47, 162 177, 183, 235f. Oliva, Fernán Pérez de, 11 Montesinos, Fray Antonio de, 58–60, Orosius, 38, 47, 154, 158, 224, 291 113 Osuna, University of, 11 Montezuma (Moctezuma), 11, 17f., Ovid, 25, 30 132, 241, 300 Oviedo, Gonzalo. SeeFernández de Montúfar, Alonso de, 159 Oviedo, Gonzalo index 433 Pachacuti, 292 Pius II (Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini), Padilla, Juan de, 45 205, 277 Padova, University of, 169 Pizarro, Francisco, 54, 82, 171, 236, “pagan survivals,” 6, 273–88, 324 312 Palacios Rubios, Juan López de, 345n. Pizarro, Gonzalo, 112, 119 74 Pizarro, Pedro, 312 Palatin, Vinko (Fray Vicente Palatino Plato, 217 de Curzola), 167–86, 215, 319 Pliny the Elder, 2, 22, 23, 27–30, 37, Paolo de Castro, 157 176, 216, 240, 241, 244, 248, 249, 252, papacy, transfer or “donation” of 253, 254, 269, 314, 370n. 9 dominium,48, 60, 67, 178f., 181, Plutarch, 20, 27, 100, 143, 218, 248, 183, 184, 216 249, 269, 277, 297, 335n. 80 Paredes, Conde de, 325 Poles, 160 Parentalia, 274 Polybius, 173, 288 Paris, University of, 59, 113, 253 Polydectes, 247 Patrai, 272, 273 Pompeius, Quintus, 206 Pátzcuaro, Lake, 151 Pompeius Trogus, 193, 196, 307 Paul, St., 80, 89, 90, 175 Pompey the Great, 9, 11, 107f., 109, Paulina, 259 111, 152, 190f. Paul II (pope), 205 Pomponazzi, Pietro, 104 Paul III (pope), 201f., 322 Pozoblanco, 104, 105 Pausanias, 263, 272, 273, 275, 277, Priapus, 137, 263, 267, 268, 269 324 Prometheus, 243 Pelasgians, 145 Pseudo-Aquinas (Ptolemy of Lucca), Pelayo, 211 64, 74, 89, 93, 99, 115, 145, 161, 163, Peña, Juan de la, 98–101 175, 176 Penco, 304 Pseudo-Aristotle, 176, 215 Pérez de Guzmán, Fernán, 197, 295 Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr von, 69 Periander, 247 Pulgar, Fernando de, 295 Perseus, 249f. Purchas, Samuel, 227 Persia, Persians, 90, 92, 146, 163, 182, Pyrrhus (king of Epirus), 250 205, 244, 249 Pertunda, 260 Quetzalcóatl, 261 Peru, 21, 66f., 70, 78, 112, 119, 150, Quevedo, Juan de, 212 171, 248, 288, 290, 293 Quiroga, Pedro de, 30 Peter, St., 131, 180; Feast of Chair of, Quiroga, Vasco de, 5, 53–55, 151, 274, 281 155–57, 159, 180 Petrarch, 27 Quito, 290 Philip II, 122, 127, 168, 213, 221, 298 Philip the Fair, 107 Ramiro (king of Aragon), 247 Philo, Q. Publius, 303 Recared (Visigothic king of Spain), Phoenicians, 218, 260 197 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 105 Regulus, 109, 111, 175 Picts, 227 Río de la Plata, 250 Pikardi, 277f. Roderick (Visigothic king of Spain), Pio, Alberto (prince of Carpi), 105–7 211 434 Index Rodríguez de Almela, Arcipreste, Scipio Africanus, 10, 11, 13, 109, 116, 376n. 66 171, 176, 204, 241, 302, 316 Roldán, Doctor, 40 Scythes, 249f. Román, Jerónimo, 256 Segovia, 236 Roman emperor, as “lord of the Seneca, 117, 196, 208 world,” 48f., 62–68, 72f., 84, 91f., Sepúlveda, Juan. SeeGinés de 94f., 119, 129–31, 141, 154, 161–66, Sepúlveda, Juan 175, 185, 187, 269, 270 Sergius, Marcus, 303 Rome, 66, 105, 108, 111, 122, 202, 206, Sertorius, 117, 208, 218 233, 264, 274, 276, 277, 279, 315, 324; Servius, 260 sack of (410), 198; sack of (1527), Severus, Septimius, 49 54, 105, 237, 304 Seville, 25, 35, 50, 51, 111, 134, 180, Romulus, 241 290, 297 Rufo, Juan, 212 Sichaeus, 306 Ruiz de Mota, Pedro (bishop of Bada- Sicily, 240 joz), 45, 224 Sigillaria, 274 Sigüenza, 104 Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de, 372n. 28 Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de, 325 Saguntum, 110 Sikyon, 275, 288 Sahagún, Bernardino de, 231, 232, 234, silicernium,274 286 Silius Italicus, 117, 202 Salamanca, 226, 235; University of, 3, Sirach, 60 61, 68f., 82, 85, 88, 93, 94, 95, 98, Socrates (historian), 199 101, 120, 122, 127, 158, 160, 165, Solinus, Julius, 216 167, 172, 189, 190, 200, 202, 253, 320, Solórzano Pereira, Juan de, 4, 150, 323 186–88, 213, 372n. 36 Salamanca, Juan de, 11 Soto, Domingo de, 3, 74, 75, 80, 81, Salinas, Juan de, 93 82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 100, 101, 122, 123, Sallust, 175, 205, 295–97 127, 133, 134, 135, 141, 143, 178, 194, Sánchez de Arévalo, Rodrigo, 205, 206, 310, 321; De dominio, 61–68, 211, 219, 220, 221, 233, 295 70, 92, 93, 94, 104, 154, 155, 156, Sancho, Pedro, 236 158, 164, 165, 189; De iustitia et Sandoval, Gonzalo de, 32–35 iure, 62, 63, 93–98, 99, 146, 158, 165, San Ponce, abbot of, 247 185 Santa Cruz, Domingo de, 93 Soto, Hernando de, 198 Santiago, 41 Sozomen, 199 Santiago de Guatemala, 15 Spain: Reconquest from Moors, 9, 13, Santo Domingo, 19, 25, 58, 113, 178, 17, 41, 58, 199, 200, 211, 237, 244, 321 295; Roman conquest and occupa- Saracens, 79, 167, 280 tion of, 4, 90, 136, 149, 188, 189, Sarmatians, 199 192–95, 255 Saturnalia, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279 Sparta, Spartans, 113, 302 Saul, 63, 73, 96 Strabo, 143, 203, 263 Scaeva, 303 Suetonius, 20, 329n. 9 Scaevola, 302 Sulla, 32–35, 109, 152, 171, 318 Scipio Aemilianus, 220, 223, 302, 316 Sylvester (pope), 64f., 74, 89, 161, 179