3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites L. Tong, A.P. Mouritz and M.K. Bannister Elsevier 3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites - Elsevier Science Internet Homepage http://www.elsevier.com Consult the Elsevier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services. Elsevier Titles of Related Interest VALERY V. VASILEV & EVGENY V. MOROZOV Mechanics and Analysis of Composite Materials ISBN 0 08 042702 2 JANG-KYO KIM & YIU WING MAI Engineered Interfaces in Fiber Reinforced Composites ISBN: 0 08 042695 6 J.G. WILLIAMS & A. PAVAN Fracture of Polymers, Composites and Adhesives ISBN 0 08 0437 10 9 D.R. MOORE, A. PAVAN & J.G. WILLIAMS Fracture Mechanics Testing Methods for Polymers Adhesives and Composites ISBN 0 08 043689 7 A. BAKER, F. ROSE & R. JONES Advances in the Bonded Composite Repair of Metallic Aircraft ISBN: 0 08 042699 9 Related Journals: Composite Structures - www.elsevier.com/locate/comustruct Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing - www.elsevier.com/locate/comuositesa Composites Part B: Engineering - www.elsevier.com/locate/comuositesb Composites Science and Technology - www.elsevier.com/locate/comuscitech Major Reference Work: Comprehensive Composite Materials - www.elsevier.com/locate/isbn/0080429939 To contact the Publisher Elsevier Science welcomes enquiries concerning publishing proposals: books, joumal special issues, conference proceedings, etc. All formats and media can be considered. Should you have a publishing proposal you wish to discuss, please contact, without obligation, the publisher responsible for Elsevier's Composites and Ceramics programme: Emma Hurst Assistant Publishing Editor Elsevier Science Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Phone: +44 1865843629 Kidlington, Oxford Fax: +44 1865 843931 OX5 IGB, UK E.mail: e.hurst @elsevier.com General enquiries, including placing orders, should be directed to Elsevier's Regional Sales Offices - please access the Elsevier homepage for full contact details (homepage details at the top of this page). books to search for more Elsevier books, visit the Books Butler at ? +'-\ 6'" ip 8e- P b *<" http://www.elsevier.com/homepage/booksbutler/ 3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Liyong Tong School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Adrian P. Mouritz Department of Aerospace Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia Michael K. Bannister Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures Ltd & Department of Aerospace Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia 2002 ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM - BOSTON - LONDON -NEW YORK - OXFORD PARIS - SAN DIEGO - SAN FRANCISCO - SINGAPORE - SYDNEY - TOKYO ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK Q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following tmsa nd conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. 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Bannister Preface Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used in almost every type of advanced engineering structure, with their usage ranging from aircraft, helicopters and spacecraft through to boats, ships and offshore platforms and to automobiles, sports goods, chemical processing equipment and civil infrastructure such as bridges and buildings. The usage of FRP composites continues to grow at an impressive rate as these materials are used more in their existing markets and become established in relatively new markets such as biomedical devices and civil structures. A key factor driving the increased applications of composites over recent years is the development of new advanced forms of FRP materials. This includes developments in high performance resin systems and new styles of reinforcement, such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. A major driving force has been the development of advanced FRP composites reinforced with a three-dimensional (3D) fibre structure. 3D composites were originally developed in the early 1970s, but it has only been in the last 10- 15 years that major strides have been made to develop these materials to a commercial level where they can be used in both traditional and emerging markets. The purpose of this book is to provide an up-to-date account of the fabrication, mechanical properties, delamination resistance, impact damage tolerance and applications of 3D FRP composites. The book will focus on 3D composites made using the textile technologies of weaving, braiding, knitting and stitching as well as by z- pinning. This book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying composite materials and also for the researchers, manufacturers and end-users of composites. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the field of advanced 3D composites. The chapter begins with a description of the key economic and technology factors that are providing the impetus for the development of 3D composites. These factors include lower manufacturing costs, improved material quality, high through-thickness properties, superior delamination resistance, and better impact damage resistance and post-impact mechanical properties compared to conventional laminated composites. The current and potential applications of 3D composites are then outlined in Chapter 1, including a description of the critical issues facing their future usage. Chapter 2 gives a description of the various weaving, braiding, knitting and stitching processes used to manufacture 3D fabrics that are the preforms to 3D composites. The processes that are described range from traditional textile techniques that have been used for hundreds of years up to the most recent textile processes that are still under development. Included in the chapter is an examination of the affect the processing parameters of the textile techniques have on the quality and fibre architecture of 3D composites. The methods and tooling used to consolidate 3D fabric preforms into FRP composites are described in Chapter 3. The liquid moulding methods used for consolidation include resin transfer moulding, resin film infusion and SCRIMP. The benefits and limitations of the different consolidation processes are compared for producing 3D composites. Chapter 3 also gives an overview of the different types of processing defects (eg. voids, dry spots, distorted binder yams) that can occur in 3D composites using liquid moulding methods.