Springer Oceanography Chongwei Zheng Jianjun Xu Chao Zhan Qing Wang 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Wave Energy Resource Evaluation Springer Oceanography TheSpringerOceanographyseriesseekstopublishabroadportfolioofscientificbooks, aimingatresearchers,students,andeveryoneinterestedinmarinesciences.Theseries includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. It covers the entire area of oceanography including, but not limited to, Coastal Sciences, Biological/Chemical/Geological/Physical Oceanography, Paleo- ceanography,andrelatedsubjects. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10175 Chongwei Zheng Jianjun Xu Chao Zhan (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) Qing Wang 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Wave Energy Resource Evaluation 123 Chongwei Zheng Jianjun Xu NavigationDepartment Collegeof Ocean andMeteorology DalianNaval Academy GuangdongOcean University Dalian, China Zhanjiang, China ChaoZhan QingWang Coastal Research Institute Coastal Research Institute Ludong University Ludong University Yantai, China Yantai, China ISSN 2365-7677 ISSN 2365-7685 (electronic) SpringerOceanography ISBN978-981-15-0916-2 ISBN978-981-15-0917-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0917-9 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Series publications on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (I) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: A Peaceful Way Forward (II) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Construction of Remote Islands and Reefs (III) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Wave Energy Resource Evaluation (IV) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Wind Energy Resource Evaluation (V) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Location Choice of Marine New Energy (VI) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Long-Term Trends of Oceanic Parameters (VII) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Threat and Characteristics of Swell (VIII) 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Early Warning of Wave Disasters Preface The “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (hereinafter referred to as Maritime Silk Road), an ambitious initiative proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping, is a plan for building “a community of shared future for mankind”. The initiative will bring important opportunities to the common prosperity of human society. However, challenges often coexist with opportunities. The overall electricity- supply capacity in countries (regions) along the Maritime Silk Road is weak (Fig. 1), seriously restricting the efficient constructions of the Maritime Silk Road and the maritime key points. Philippine predicts that it will suffer electricity shortagesof8.1millionkilowatts in2030. Mere 40%ofthe population hasaccess toelectricityinruralBangladesh,80%and40%intheurbanandruraldistrictofSri Lanka,respectively.Atpresent,thepopulationwithoutaccessto electricity remains atabout300million inIndia,andthere arejust10percent of householdsinPapua NewGuineaenjoyedsuchaccess.Ingeneral,only afew countries,likeSingapore, have better infrastructure. There are many households without electricity, let alone electricity supply on industrial development. In this case, the electricity- supply predicament in the Maritime Silk Road becomes more obvious. With the continuous development of human society, the need for energy resources is increased rapidly. How to break the electricity-supply dilemma has become the core of the efficient construction of the Maritime Silk Road. Nowadays, under the pressures of resource and environmental crisis as well as increasinglyexhaustedfisheryresources,peopleareonceagainfocusingonthesea. Oceans,whichcover overseven-tenths oftheEarth’ssurface,arethecradleoflife on the planet. They are also a treasure trove of resources mainly including biological resources (fishery, marine biological pharmacy, etc.), mineral resources (oilandgas,burningice,etc.),chemicalresources(allkindsofmetalsandsalts)and inexhaustible power resources (wave energy, offshore wind energy, tidal energy, ocean thermal energy, salinity gradient energy, ocean current energy and others). The twenty-firstcenturyisthecentury ofoceans. Oceanswillbecomethefocus of much attention in the future. vii viii Preface 40 30 20 30%-50% 50%-70% 10 70%-85% 0 > 85% 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Fig.1 Electricity-supplycapacityincountriesandregionsalongtheMaritimeSilkRoad Many advantages such as large reserves, all-weather use and wide distribution make wave energy, and other marine renewable energy become the new focus of developedcountries.Waveenergyhasbroadprospectsinalleviatingresourcecrises and environmental crises, improving the viability of marine key points and pro- moting island tourism development. Compared with traditional energy sources, wave energy has more significant advantages in ecological protection, availability andothers.Intermsofwavepowergeneration,thetraditionalelectricitygeneration using diesel oil supplied by ships is likely to damage the island ecology and be affected by severe sea conditions. Wave power generation is the main method of developingandutilizingwaveenergyresourcesandisoneofthehightechnologies pursued by developed countries. The wave energy can also be used for many activitiessuchasseawaterdesalination,heating,hydrogenproductionandothers.In addition, wave power is now providing energy to mariculture, marine weather buoy,oilplatform,lighthousesandislands,allofwhichindicatethattheenergyhas potentials in a practical future. The development of wave energy is not only one of the best ways to solve the energy dilemma of the Maritime Silk Road, but also a good opportunity for China to fulfill its international obligations, advance the connectivity and promote inter- national cooperation, which will undoubtedly become a new highlight in the con- struction of the Maritime Silk Road. Evaluation always goes first, followed by resource development. The orderly andefficientdevelopmentandutilizationofwaveenergycanberealizedonlyonthe basisofadetailedinvestigationofresources.Itcanachievebetterresultstofindthe advantageous areas with abundant resources, good stability, and low frequency of severe weather. However, “make bricks without straw” dilemma can be faced during the actual resource development if we only own advanced equipment but littleknowledgeaboutwaveenergyresources.Previousresearchershadmadegreat contributions to the assessment of wave energy, but most of them focused on the Preface ix analysis of climate characteristics of wave energy. At present, there are still many barriers in energy classification, long-term tendency, short-term forecasting, long-term prediction and others, which is an obstacle to effectively guarantee the macro/micro-site selection, daily operation and long-term planning for a plant that develops wave energy, such as for wave power generation and seawater desalin- ization. In addition, previous researchers have done a lot of research on wave energy in many global sea areas, but so far, the wave energy research on the Maritime Silk Road is rare. Moreover, the demand in involved countries and regions with a weak power supply for electricity is urgent. This book firstly expounds the significance of marine new energy assessment and development in the construction of marine power. Then, the current situation and the difficulty of wave energy resources evaluation are analyzed. This book carried out firstly systematic and detailed research on the wave energy resources along the Maritime Silk Road in the domestic and overseas, to provide scientific reference for the sites selection, daily operation and long-term planning of energy developmentsuchaswavepowergenerationandseawaterdesalinationbycarrying out. Furthermore, in this way, we hope to make positive contribution to the alle- viation of resource and environmental crisis, the enhancement for the survival ability and sustainable development of remote islands and maritime key point, the improvement the quality of life of residents along the Maritime Silk Road, the promotion of island tourism and deepwater exploitation. Hoping that the afore- mentionedeffortscandrivenotonlytheefficientdevelopmentoftheMaritimeSilk Road, but the common prosperity and progress of human society. Dalian, China Chongwei Zheng Zhanjiang, China Jianjun Xu Yantai, China Chao Zhan Yantai, China Qing Wang Acknowledgements First of all, we would like to thank Academician Chongyin Li for providing excellentguidanceonouracademiccareer.Onthevoyageoflife,youhavekindled the light of hope for us. What you have done enriches our mind and broadens our view.Thelove andcare youhavegiven uswillencourageustogothroughalong and arduous journey. We honor you sincerely. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China-ShandongUnitedFund(U1706220),theStrategicPriorityResearchProgram of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA20060503), the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of National Science Foundation of China (No.41520104008),theNaturalScienceFoundationofShandongProvince,China (ZR2019BD005), the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFA0- 605604; No. 2017YFC1501802) and the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research (No. SKLEC-KF201707). All the authors would like to thank ECMWF for providing the ERA-interim wind and wave data, thank PO.DAAC for providing the CCMP wind data and thank IPCC for providing the CMIP data. The authors would like to acknowledge thesupportoftheOpeningFundofShandongProvincialKeyLaboratoryofOcean Engineering. xi