21ST CENTURY REFERENCE CENTURY MANUAL OF STYLE EASY-TO-USE A TO Z DICTIONARY FORMAT UP-TO-DATE MODERN USAGE UNIOUE USER-FRIENDLY DESIGN COMPLETELY COMPREHENSIVE—FROM CAPITALIZATION AND HYPHENATION TO TRADEMARKS, FORMS OF ADDRESS, AND NAMES OF PLACES Edited byThe Princeton Language Institute Barbara Ann Kipfer,Ph.D 7 Head Lexicographer A U DON'T MISS THESE OTHEI 21 ST CENTURY REFERENCE WORKS Now Available: 21st Century Dictionary of Acronymsand Abbreviations 21st Century Dictionary ofSlang 21st Century Guideto Pronunciation 21st Century Dictionary of ComputerTerms The American Heritage Dictionary Roget's 21stCenturyThesaurus The Dell Crossword Dictionary 21stCentury Guideto Building Your Vocabulary 21stCentury Guideto Increasing Your ReadingSpeed AndLookFor: 21st Century Guideto ImprovingYour Writing June 1995 21stCentury Robert's Rules ofOrder November 1995 REFERENCEBOOKSFORTODAY... ANDTOMORROW l|aac<kkeellIDlelsusitgrnati©onD©esPiaginnetdersToFoPrriuntm Spelling?Capitalization?Hyphenation?Titles? Symbols?Usage?Possessives?Numerals?Punctuation? Pluralization?Abbreviations?ProperNouns? 21st CENTURY MANUAL OF STYLE FromtheprestigiousPrincetonLanguageInstituteandtherenownedlexicog- rapherBarbaraAnnKipfer, Ph.D., comesthisremarkablyaccessiblerefer- enceforpeoplewhoneedfast,definitiveanswerstoquestionsaboutstyleand usage.Whetheryou'reajournalistwhoreliesonastylemanualdailyorafirst- time user, this authoritative, easy-to-understand handbook will relie—ve the agonizingprocessofdecipheringthedenseguidescurrentlyavailable and leaveyouwithmoretimetodowhatyouneedtodo. . . write. -21ST- CENTURY MANUAL OF STYLE — 21ST- CENTURY MANUAL OF STYLE EDITED BY The Princeton Language Institute Bardara Ann KipfER, Ph.D., Head Lexicographer d PRODUCED BY THE PHILIP LIEF GROUP, INC. <3^* l ALAURELBOOK Publishedby DellPublishing adivisionof BantamDoubledayDellPublishingGroup,Inc. 1540Broadway NewYork,NewYork10036 Ifyoupurchasedthisbookwithoutacoveryoushouldbeawarethatthisbookis stolenproperty. Itwasreportedas"unsoldanddestroyed"tothepublisherand neithertheauthornorthepublisherhasreceivedanypaymentforthis"stripped book." PublishedbyarrangementwithThePhilipLiefGroup,Inc. 6West20thStreet NewYork,NewYork10011 Copyright© 1993byThePhilipLiefGroup,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying, recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutthewritten permissionofthePublisher,exceptwherepermittedbylaw. ThetrademarkLaurel®isregisteredintheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficeand inothercountries. ThetrademarkDell®isregisteredintheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice. ISBN:0-440-22074-2 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada May1995 987654321 10 OPM CONTENTS iNTRoducrioN/How to Use ix Part One FORM: FROM A TO Z Abbreviation, Capitalization, Compounding, Hyphenation, Pluralization, Punctuation, Variants 1 Part Two DESCRIPTION Academic Degrees andTitles 259 Addresses 260 AircraftNames 260 Arabic Numerals 261 Automobiles 261 CabinetoftheUnited States 261 Companies 261 CourtesyTitles 268 FormalTitles 268 FraternalOrganizations 269 GeographicTerms 269 GovernmentOrganizations 279 Historical Eventsand Periods 284 LaborOrganizations 285 Languages 287 MilitaryTitlesandOrganizations 288 NobilityTitles 290 Organizational andTeam Names 291 Organizational Titles 295 Personal Names 2% ProperNounsandTheirDerivatives 297 ReligiousConcepts, Titles, and Organizations 297 ReligiousWritings 301 Roman Numerals 302 TitlesofWorks 303 TrademarksandTradeNames 303 VehicleNames 306 Part JUree RULES OF PUNCTUATION AppENdiCES 1. Abbreviations 319 2. Affixes: PrefixesandSuffixes 324 3. Animals: GroupandYoungNames 338 4. MonthsandDays: Abbreviations 339 5. NationsoftheWorld: WithCapital, ResidentName 339 6. Official FormsofAddressforLetterWriting 342 7. StatesandTerritoriesInformation: StandardandTwo-Letter Postal Abbreviations, Capital, ResidentName 344 8. WeightsandMeasures 346 PnoofREAdER's Si'qns ANd SyMbols 350