21st Century GEOGRAPHY A Reference Handbook Century: 21st GEOGRAPHY AReference Handbook Volume 1 & 2 Edited by Joseph P. Stoltman WesternM ichigan University 'SAGE reference I Los Angeles ILondon INew Delhi Singapore IWashington DC 'SAGE Copyright © 2012 by SAGE Publications, Inc. Los Angeles ILondon INew Delhi All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or Singapore IWashington DC utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the FOR INFORMATION: publisher. SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. Printed in the United States ofAmerica 1 Oliver's Yard Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 55CityRoad London EC1Y 1SP 21st century geography: a reference book / Joseph P. Stoltman, editor. United Kingdom v. 1-2, em. Includes bibliographical references and index. SAGE Publications India Pv1. Ltd. B 1/11 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area ISBN 978-1-4129-7464-6 (cloth) Mathura Road, New Delhi 110044 1. Geography-Handbooks, manuals, etc. India 1.Stoltman, Joseph P. SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. Gl23.A182012 33 Pekin Street #02-01 91D-dc23 FarEast Square 2011024468 Singapore 048763 Publisher: RolfA.Janke Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson Acquisitions Editor: JimBrace-Thompson Production Editor: Belinda Thresher Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez CopyEditors: Colieen Brennan, Patricia Sutton, Renee Willers Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Theresa Kay & Sandy Zilka Indexer: Julie Grayson 111213 1415 109876543 21 Cover Designer: Candice Harman Marketing Manager: Kristi Ward CONTENTS VOLUME ONE Preface xi About the Editor xv About the Contributors xvii PART I. PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY 1. Earth's SurfaceLandforms 3 ThomasP Feeney,S hippensburgU niversity 2. Meteorology: Forecasting the Future of Weather Prediction 13 Marcus 1. Bilker andJ ongnam Choi, WesternI llinois University 3. Applications of Weather Forecasting 29 John D. Frye, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 4. Weather Modification 39 Brian H. Bossak,G eorgia SouthernU niversity 5. Understanding Climate History: An Eye to the Future 49 JamesF Petersena nd Matthew S. Melancon, TexasS tate University, San Marcos 6. Global Change and Geographic Thought 59 John Harrington Jr. andL isa M Butler Harrington, Kansas State University 7. Applications of Climatology 67 David R. Legates, University ofDelaware 8. Biogeography 77 Daniel G. Gavin, University ofOregon 9. Water Resources and Quality 89 Jeffrey J Dickey, University ofNew Mexico 10. Plants and Animals in Nature 99 Janet 1. Halpin, Chicago State University PART II. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11. CulturaIlHuman Geography 113 RobertC . Ziegenfusa nd Mathias Le Bosse,K utztown University ofPennsylvania 12. Cultural Change and Diffusion: Geographic Patterns, Social Processes, and Contact Zones 123 DerekH . Alderman, East Carolina University 13. Attachment to Place 135 Richard W Wilkie and GeorgeF Roberson,U niversity ofMassachusetts-Amherst 14. Perception and Sense ofPlace 149 Molly 0. Holmberg, Jung Eun Hong, and KennethE . Foote, University ofColorado at Boulder 15. Political Geography and National Boundaries 161 ReeceJ ones, University ofHawai 'i at Manoa 16. Political Geography and Local Boundaries 171 J. Clark Archer, University ofNebraska-Lincoln 17. Nationalism 187 Erin H. Fouberg, Northern State University 18. Transnationalism 197 Kevin Archer, University ofSouth Florida 19. Geographic Perspectives on Democracy and Elections 207 Fred M Shelley, University ofOklahoma 20. Geography and National Security 219 Francis A. Galgano, Villanova University 21. Geography and Migration Analysis 231 SamuelT hompson,W esternI llinois University 22. Demographic Dimensions: Describing Populations 241 RachelS . Franklin, Brown University 23. Generational Geographies: Millennials' and Baby Boomers' Perceptions and Use ofNature 255 Karen S. Barton and Charles O. Collins, University ofNorthern Colorado 24. Census of Population: "Panning for Gold" 267 David G. Dickason, WesternM ichigan University 25. Population Policies, Issues, and Geography 277 Ellen Percy Kraly, Colgate University 26. Urban Geography: Past, Present, Future 289 David M Walker, Ohio WesleyanU niversity 27. World Cities: Present and Future 301 StanleyD . Brunn, University ofKentucky 28. Urban Patterns and Ethnic Diversity 315 Emily Skop, University ofColorado-ColoradoS prings Wei Li, Arizona State University 29. City and Regional Planning 325 William Gribb, University ofWYoming 30. Geographies of Public Space 337 Thomas Chapman, Old Dominion University 31. Sustainable Urban Development and Transportation 345 ChristopherC usack, KeeneS tate College 32. Urban Networks: Communications and Corporate Nodes 355 Barney Warf University ofKansas 33. Geography of Well-Being 367 Robert W Morrill, Virginia PolytechnicI nstitute andS tate University 34. Women and Minorities in Geography 379 Janice Monk, University ofArizona 35. Economy and Society: Geographic Views on Restructuring and Social Mediation 387 Jon Moore, University ofAkron 36. Global Consumption Patterns 399 Ian MacLachlan, University ofLethbridge 37. Global Production Patterns 411 Mark Graham, University ofOxford Havard Haarstad, University ofBergen Two VOLUME PART III. NATURE AND SOCIETY 38. Protected Areas and Nature Conservancy 423 StephenF Cunha,H umboldtS tate University 39. Politics of Land Use: Balancing Private Rights and Public Power 435 Dorothy Ives-Dewey,W estC hester University 40. Water Use and Conservation 447 Tamim Younos, Cabell Brand Centerf or Global Poverty andR esource SustainabilityS tudies TammyE . Parece, Virginia PolytechnicI nstitute and State University 41. Wind, Geography, and Energy 457 StephenS tadler, OklahomaS tate University 42. Globalization and Geography 469 Alex Standish, WesternC onnecticutS tate University 43. Geographic Impact ofInvasive Species 479 Mary Ruth Griffin, University ofCharleston 44. Human Dimensions of Global Change 489 Anna Carrabetta, University ofMilano-Bicocca SusanG allagher Heffron, Associationo fAmericanG eographers 45. Social Constructions of the Environment 499 Kevin Archer, University ofSouthF lorida 46. Natural Hazards and Natural Disasters 509 Burrell E. Montz, East Carolina University GrahamA . Tobin, University ofSouthF lorida 47. Environmental Disasters 519 Jerry T. Mitchell, University ofSouth Carolina, Columbia 48. Public Health and Geography 529 Lisa Jordan, Florida State University 49. Landscape and Geography 543 Michelle Metro-Roland, WesternM ichigan University PART IV. REGIONS AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 50. Traditional and Future World Regions 555 John Agnew, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles 51. Urban Regions and Localized Food Systems: 21st-Century Innovations 563 LaDona Knigge, California State University, Chico 52. Rural Regions and Innovations 575 Darrell Napton, SouthD akota State University 53. Asia and Transnational Organizations 585 Gil Latz, Indiana University/PurdueU niversity Indianapolis 54. Africa and Transnational Organizations 603 Garth AndrewM yers, University ofKansas AngelaM Gray, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh 55. Europe and Transnational Organizations 613 George W White,S outhD akota State University 56. Latin America and Transnational Organizations 623 Gary S. Elbow, TexasT echU niversity 57. North America and Transnational Agreements 635 J. Matthew Shumway,B righam YoungU niversity 58. Australia/New Zealand/Pacific and Transnational Organizations 647 DavidA . Wadleya nd TobyS . Gordon, University ofQueensland PART V. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE 59. Remote Sensing: The Earth From Afar 665 Paul R. Baumann,S tate University ofNew York-Oneonta 60. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 677 WenL in, University of Wisconsin-LaC rosse 61 Cartography 687 Janet S. Smith, ShippensburgU niversity Jeffrey S. Torguson,S t. Cloud State University 62. Excursion Learning: Pedagogy of the Field 697 N. C. Heywood, University of Wisconsin-StevenPso int 63. Geography: Electronic and Digital Resources 709 Linda R. Zellmer, WesternIl linois University 64. Geography and Visual Information 723 RogerB alm, Rutgers University 65. Spatial Thinking 733 Diana Stuart Sinton, University ofRedlands PART VI. APPLIED AND PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHY 66. Environmental Planning and Management 745 Matthew T. Koeppe, George WashingtonU niversity 67. Recreation, Tourism, and Sports 753 Lucius F. Hallett IV, WesternM ichigan University 68. Geography Education: The Quest for Geographic Literacy and Beyond 763 Michael Solem,A ssociationo fAmericanG eographers 69. Geography and Government 773 EdmundJ Zolnik, GeorgeM ason University 70. Geography as a Profession 783 M Beth Schlemper,U niversity of Toledo Appendices. Resources in Geography A. Notable Books and Reports on Geography 795 JosephP . Stoltman, WesternM ichigan University B. Geographical Journals: A Sample with Annotations 803 Michael McDonnell, WesternM ichigan University C. The World Wide Web and Geography 811 Lisa M DeChano-Cook,W esternM ichigan University D. Association ofAmerican Geographers Specialty Groups 819 JosephP . Stoltman, WesternM ichigan University Index 823 PREFACE W elcome to 21st Century Geography:A Reference and they are correct. People interact with geography as Handbook.A s a discipline, geography spans the they navigate from location to location and as they interact centuries. As a dynamic discipline, geography is with the environment. Decision making very often requires ushering in the 21st century with vitality and purpose. The information about places, thus incorporating geography. chapters in this handbook are written by geographers and Location analysts for major corporations as well as people engaged with geographic research and professional individuals interested in renting or buying a place to live work. Each chapter is presented in a similar format. First, are reminded of the importance of "location, location, the authors present a look back into the early period of the location." A full range of people, from the very young to research and writing for the chapter topic. Following the the very senior, make use of geography throughout their early focus, but building toward the future, the second lives. In fact, it may be that people are so close to discussion in each chapter focuses on the geographic topic geography and geographical thinking that they do not at the beginning of the 21st century. That is followed by a recognize the many ways it functions as a habit of mind as look to the future with speculation and prediction regarding they go about their daily lives or consider issues that help the further development of the discipline. Of the three parts them understand the complexities of the world. This of each chapter, it was the third that was generally the most handbook is designed to introduce you to the proven, the challenging to write. Speculation about the future of the contemporary, and the emerging ideas that underpin this discipline runs the risk that if the projection is not correct long-standing yet dynamic discipline. and the discipline either does not develop in those ways or Geography is a very old discipline, dating back to earliest with those attributes in the future, then it is viewed as an civilizations. People often think of geographic study as inaccurate projection. On the other hand, if an author evolving as a practical means to manage the environment. correctly anticipates the future of the discipline, then the This was especially the case in the Mediterranean region chapter and author are well within the comfort zone of the of Europe, where the Greeks and the Romans made major discipline. It takes intellectual courage to conjecture about changes in the natural environment to build and the future, but each chapter provides a thoughtful geographically expand their civilizations. Early people in consideration for the role of geography in the future. This many regions of the world used geography to migrate long final part of each chapter demonstrates that an important distances over difficult terrain in search of food and water. aspect of geography is its attentiveness to the future. Interactions between groups of early people resulted in the The professional detail about geography and its diversity establishment of settlements that were optimal as pivotal that are produced through the content and methodologies points for trade networks. Exchanges of rare minerals within each topic are further evidence of the work of (gold) and necessary commodities (salt) reflected a scholars and professionals. Each topic author demonstrates geography of production and consumption, trade and the role of geography through the lenses of the particular exchange, that grew to span the globe. Every early topic. The reader will be impressed by the breadth and civilization developed the geographic knowledge to get depth of scholarship that is characteristic of the discipline from here to there, to record what was located between here of geography. and there, and described what they found when they arrived at a new place. The organization of Earth, its physical patterns ofrivers and mountain passes, and the tempo ofthe Very Brief History of Geography seasons (warm, cold, wet, dry) became essential information to not only survive but also to thrive as a community. The It is common to hear people comment that geography is use of geography was a common endeavor through the eyes everywhere and part of nearly every activity we pursue, and feet of all early peoples. IX