Small Urban & Rural Transit Center • www.surtc.org Acknowledgements This research was sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), United States Department of Transportation, and conducted by the Small Urban & Rural Transit Center within the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute at North Dakota State University. The guidance of Jill Hough, Director of the Small Urban & Rural Transit Center, and Jarrett Stoltzfus, FTA Project Manager for the project, is also acknowledged. This report was written by Jeremy Mattson. Disclaimer The content presented in this report is the sole responsibility of the Small Urban & Rural Transit Center, the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute and the authors. North Dakota State University does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, disability, gender expression/identity, genetic information, marital status, national origin, public assistance status, sex, sexual orientation, status as a U.S. veteran, race or religion. Direct inquiries to the Vice President for Equity, Diversity and Global Outreach, 205 Old Main, (701)231-7708. Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 RURAL AMERICA .................................................................................................................................................... 2 RURAL TRANSPORTATION ...................................................................................................................................... 4 NATIONAL RURAL TRANSIT .................................................................................................................................... 8 Operating Statistics ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Financial Statistics ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Fleet Statistics .............................................................................................................................................. 13 NATIONAL RURAL TRANSIT PERFORMANCE MEASURES ................................................................................... 17 REGIONAL AND STATE STATISTICS....................................................................................................................... 21 TRIBAL TRANSIT ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 List of Tables Table 1. Characteristics of U.S. Urban and Rural Populations .................................................................................................3 Table 2. Geographic Mobility .....................................................................................................................................................3 Table 3. Vehicles Available in Household .................................................................................................................................4 Table 4. Commuting to Work ......................................................................................................................................................4 Table 5. Travel Behavior for Urban and Rural Residents, by Age Group ...............................................................................5 Table 6. Trip Purpose for Transit and Non-Transit Trips...............................................................................................................7 Table 7. Number of Rural Transit Providers Nationwide ...........................................................................................................8 Table 8. Counties with Rural Transit Service ..............................................................................................................................9 Table 9. Rural Transit Operating Statistics ................................................................................................................................10 Table 10. Agency Level Changes in Service Miles, Hours, and Trips, 2009-2010 .................................................................11 Table 11. Rural Transit Operating Statistics, Median and Percentile Rankings per Agency, 2010 ....................................11 Table 12. Rural Transit Financial Statistics .................................................................................................................................12 Table 13. Average Fleet Size .....................................................................................................................................................13 Table 14. Number of Vehicles in Operation ............................................................................................................................13 Table 15. Percentage of Rural Transit Vehicles that are ADA Accessible ...........................................................................14 Table 16. Average Vehicle Age ...............................................................................................................................................15 Table 17. Average Vehicle Length ..........................................................................................................................................15 Table 18. Average Seating Capacity ......................................................................................................................................15 Table 19. Vehicle Ownership, 2010 ..........................................................................................................................................16 Table 20. Primary Funding Source for Vehicles, 2010 .............................................................................................................16 Table 21. Trips per Mile and Trips per Hour ..............................................................................................................................17 Table 22. Trips per Mile by Number of Miles Provided, 2010 ..................................................................................................18 Table 23. Trips per Hour by Number of Hours Provided, 2010 ................................................................................................19 Table 24. Trips, Miles, and Hours per Vehicle ..........................................................................................................................19 Table 25. Operating Costs per Trip and per Mile and Farebox Recovery Ratio .................................................................19 Table 26. Operating Costs per Trip and per Mile and Farebox Recovery Ratio, Percentile Rankings, 2010 ...................20 Table 27. Operating Statistics and Performance Measures by Size of Operation, 2010 ...................................................20 Table 28. Regional Data, 2010 ..................................................................................................................................................22 Table 29. Rural Transit Vehicle Revenue Miles of Service by State, 2007-2010 (million miles) ...........................................24 Table 30. State Operating Statistics, 2010 ...............................................................................................................................25 Table 31. State Financial Statistics, 2010 ..................................................................................................................................26 Table 32. State Fleet Statistics, 2010 .........................................................................................................................................27 Table 33. State Performance Measures, 2010 ........................................................................................................................28 Table 34. Mobility Needs Indicators for Native American and Alaska Native Communities ............................................29 Table 35. Tribal Transit Statistics, 2010 .......................................................................................................................................31 List of Figures Figure 1. Vehicle Miles Traveled on Urban and Rural Roadways ...........................................................................................5 Figure 2. Percentage of Trips by Public Transportation, by Size of Metro Area ....................................................................6 Figure 3. FTA Spending under the Section 5311 Program, 2005-2010 ..................................................................................13 Figure 4. Fleet Composition ......................................................................................................................................................14 Figure 5. FTA Regions .................................................................................................................................................................21 Figure 6. FTA Regions and Corresponding Tribes and Transit Services .................................................................................30 INTRODUCTION Public transportation plays a fundamental role in the livability of all communities. Information on transit service availability and cost is necessary to efficiently and effectively meet rural community mobility needs. Financial and operating statistics can be used by agency managers, local decision makers, state directors, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and lawmakers to assist in policy making, planning, managing operations, and evaluating performance. The Rural Transit Fact Book provides information to assist the transit industry in the United States provide efficient and effective service to rural communities. The intent of the Rural Transit Fact Book is to serve as a national resource for statistics and information on rural transit in America. This publication includes rural demographic and travel behavior data as well as financial and operating statistics for agencies receiving section 5311 funding. In addition to national level data, statistics are presented by state, FTA region, tribe, and mode, as well as other agency characteristics. The rural transit data presented in this report were obtained from the Rural National Transit Database (NTD). The 2011 edition of the Rural Transit Fact Book was the first published by SURTC and included Rural NTD data for 2007-2009. This publication updates the original Fact Book with the addition of 2010 data. SURTC is not responsible for the accuracy of the data reported to the Rural NTD. Over time, it is expected that the quality of data contained in the Rural NTD will improve in terms of completeness and accuracy as the FTA raises data concerns with states who in turn receive better data from sub- recipients. As noted, this publication presents data for transit providers receiving section 5311 Non-Urbanized Area Formula Program funding. This program provides funding to states for the purpose of supporting public transportation in rural areas with a population of less than 50,000. A number of rural transit providers also receive funding under the section 5310, Transportation for Elderly Persons and Persons with Disabilities, program. However, nationwide data for 5310 services are not available, as they are not required to report such data to the NTD. Therefore, rural transit providers not funded by the 5311 program but receiving funding from section 5310 are not included in this report. Rural Transit Fact Book • 2012 1 RURAL AMERICA Geography influences the type and level of transit service that best serves a community. About 74 million Americans, or close to a quarter of the country’s population, live in a rural area, according to data from the American Community Survey (ACS). Table 1 shows select demographic data from the 2008-2010 ACS 3-year estimates for the United States and for urban and rural areas. As defined by the ACS, urban includes urban areas and urban clusters. Urbanized areas have 50,000 or more people and urban clusters have at least 2,500 people but less than 50,000 people, and both areas have a core area with a density of at least 1,000 people per square mile. All other areas are defined as rural. Rural populations tend to be slightly older. The median age is 40 in rural areas and 36 in urban areas. Approximately 14% of residents in rural areas are 65 or older, compared to 13% of those in urban areas. On the other hand, urban areas have a slightly higher percentage of residents aged 85 or older (1.7%) than do rural areas (1.4%). The percentage of people with disabilities is slightly higher in rural areas (13%) than in urban areas (12%). Rural areas tend to be less ethnically diverse. Urban residents are more likely than their rural counterparts to be non-white or Hispanic, and the foreign-born population is much higher in urban areas (15%) than in rural areas (5%). Education levels vary somewhat between urban and rural communities. The percentage of individuals that have completed high school in rural areas is about the same, or slightly higher, than that for urban areas, but urban areas tend to have a higher percentage of residents with a bachelor’s or advanced degree. Median household income is slightly higher in rural areas, and a higher percentage of urban residents live below the poverty line. Rural residents are much more likely to own their house, and both mortgage- owners and renters in rural areas spend a lower percentage of their income on housing than do their urban counterparts. Urban residents tend to have greater geographic mobility than those in rural areas (see Table 2). That is, they are less tied to a geographic area and are more likely to move. About 15% of urban residents have moved during the last year, compared to 11% of rural residents. Urban residents are also more likely to make longer moves, and rural residents are more likely than those in urban areas to live in the state in which they were born. Rural Transit Fact Book • 2012 2 Table 1. Characteristics of U.S. Urban and Rural Populations United States Urban Rural Total Population (million people) 307 233 74 Average household size 2.61 2.59 2.65 Gender Male (%) 49.2 48.8 50.3 Female (%) 50.8 51.2 49.7 Age Median Age 37 36 40 65 or older (%) 12.9 12.6 13.8 85 or older (%) 1.7 1.9 1.4 Population with a Disability (%) 12.0 11.6 13.3 Race (%) White 76.5 72.7 88.3 Black or African-American 13.5 15.5 7.2 American Indian and Alaska Native 1.6 1.4 2.3 Asian 5.4 6.5 2.1 Hispanic or Latino 16.1 18.9 7.1 Foreign Born (%) 12.8 15.4 4.6 Education Level Completed (%) High school 85.3 85.1 86.0 Bachelor’s degree 28.0 29.8 22.4 Advanced degree 10.4 11.2 7.8 Economic Characteristics Individuals below the poverty line (%) 14.4 15.2 11.7 Median household income (thousand dollars) 51.2 50.8 52.5 Source: American Community Survey 2008-2010 Table 2. Geographic Mobility United States Urban Rural ----------- percentage ------------ Native population born in their state of residence 58.6 56.3 66.2 Lived in a different house in the United States one year ago 14.9 16.0 11.3 Lived in a different state one year ago 2.3 2.4 1.9 Source: American Community Survey 2008-2010 Rural Transit Fact Book • 2012 3 RURAL TRANSPORTATION Data from the ACS, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) show there are some differences in transportation and travel behavior between urban and rural areas. One notable difference is a greater reliance on automobiles by rural residents (see Tables 3 and 4). Just 4% of rural households do not have a vehicle available, compared to 11% of urban households. Meanwhile, 71% of rural households have 2 or more vehicles, while only 53% of urban households have 2 or more vehicles. Rural workers are more likely to drive alone Table 3. Vehicles Available in Household to work and less likely to commute by public United transportation than those in urban areas. States Urban Rural Fewer than 1% of rural residents use public --------------- percentage --------------- transportation to travel to work, compared to 6% of urban residents. Only 1.5% of rural None 8.9 10.6 3.8 workers aged 16 or older do not have access 1 33.5 36.2 25.1 to a vehicle, compared to 5.3% of their urban counterparts. Rural residents also tend to have 2 37.6 36.3 42.0 slightly longer commutes (measured in minutes). 3 or more 19.9 17.0 29.1 Source: American Community Survey 2008-2010 Table 4. Commuting to Work United States Urban Rural Mode Used Car, truck, or van – drove alone 76.0% 74.5% 80.9% Car, truck, or van – carpooled 10.2% 10.1% 10.4% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 5.0% 6.3% 0.6% Walked 2.8% 3.2% 1.8% Other means 1.8% 1.9% 1.2% Worked at home 4.2% 4.0% 5.1% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 25.3 24.8 26.8 Source: American Community Survey 2008-2010 Rural Transit Fact Book • 2012 4 Despite the heavy reliance on automobiles, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on rural roads has actually been slowly declining over the past decade (see Figure 1). VMT on urban roads, on the other hand, had been steadily increasing until dropping or leveling off after 2007. VMT on both urban and rural roads decreased slightly in 2011. The VMT depicted in Figure 1 includes both personal and commercial travel and is total VMT, as opposed to per capita VMT. The NHTS contains a variety of statistics on travel behavior. The NHTS is a periodic national survey sponsored by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the FHWA. The most recent NHTS was conducted in 2009. The dataset also classifies respondents as urban or rural using the same definition used by the ACS. Figure 1. Vehicle Miles Traveled on Urban and Rural Roadways Source: Federal Highway Administration The 2011 Rural Transit Fact Book presented data from the NHTS showing that rural residents drive more, on average, than their urban counterparts; are less likely to use public transportation; and drive vehicles that tend to be a bit older with more miles and have slightly lower fuel economy. Table 5 provides additional data on differences in travel behavior between urban and rural residents by age group. Urban residents, on average, make more trips per day. The number of bicycle and walking trips is similar Table 5. Travel Behavior for Urban and Rural Residents, by Age Group Number of Number of Number of Trips Bike Trips Per Walk Trips Used Transit Per Travel Day Week Per Week on Travel Day Age Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural < 19 3.3 3.1 1.3 1.6 5.0 5.0 3.8% 1.1% 19-33 3.9 3.6 0.3 0.2 4.3 4.2 7.8% 1.0% 34-49 4.4 4.0 0.3 0.2 4.3 4.7 5.9% 0.7% 50-64 4.1 3.9 0.2 0.2 4.3 5.1 5.6% 0.8% 65-74 3.7 3.5 0.1 0.1 3.9 4.5 4.0% 0.4% > 74 2.7 2.7 0.1 0.1 2.8 3.8 3.8% 0.7% Source: 2009 National Household Travel Survey Rural Transit Fact Book • 2012 5 between urban and rural residents, while urban residents are significantly more likely to use transit on a given day. Although urban residents may make more trips, the distance traveled per individual trip is longer in rural areas, as shown in the 2011 Rural Transit Fact Book. The average distance per trip is 8.9 miles in urban areas and 12.5 miles in rural areas, and the median distances for urban and rural residents is 3 miles and 6 miles, respectively. As a result of longer trip distances and greater reliance on the automobile, rural residents drive more miles per year than their urban counterparts. Figure 2 shows how the percentage of trips made by public transportation increases from rural to larger urban areas. In non-metro areas, just 0.4% of trips are made by public transportation, while 4.6% of trips are made by public transportation in metro areas with a population of 3 million or more. 5% 4.6% 4% 3% 2% 1.4% 1.4% 1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.5% 0% Not in MSA <250,000 250,000 - 500,000 - 1-3 million 3 million 500,000 1 million or more Size of Metropolitan Sta(cid:17)s(cid:17)cal Area (MSA) Figure 2. Percentage of Trips by Public Transportation, by Size of Metro Area Source: 2009 National Household Travel Survey Table 6 shows the general purposes for transit and non-transit trips in urban and rural areas, according to data from the NHTS.1 For rural transit trips, the highest percentage of trips is for work or school/ church. Medical trips account for 7.4% of transit trips in rural areas, but only 2.4% of non-transit trips are for medical, indicating a higher propensity for these types of trips to be made by transit. Other reports have found a higher percentage of rural transit trips being for medical purposes. Based on a study of on-board surveys, the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) found that in areas with a population below 200,000, 8.6% of transit trips are for medical purposes. These percentages vary significantly between individual transit providers depending on the type of service provided. Some rural transit systems provide a significantly higher percentage of trips for medical purposes, while others provide a higher percentage of work trips. The data indicate that work, school, and medical trips have a greater likelihood than other trips of being made by transit in both rural and urban areas, and shopping and social trips are less likely to be made by transit. 1 These numbers differ from those cited in the 2011 Rural Transit Fact Book because trips home is not considered to be a separate category and the estimates are based on different definitions for the trip purpose categories (the 1990 definitions are used). Rural Transit Fact Book • 2012 6