20 Orientação 20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Afonso, Alexandre, André, Bruna, Carolina, David, Gustavo, Inês, João, José, Leonor, Luna, Mafalda, Maria Leonor, Maria Luís, Maria, Mariana, Pedro, Rodrigo A, Rodrigo M. and Santiago, your effects have touched my heart and will endure forever within my memory. My sincerest, thank you to my “meninos”, this project would have ceased to be without your existence. To my noble advisor, Prof. Doutor Mário Rui Domingues Ferreira da Cruz and to my co-advisor, Mestre Maria Edite Pais de Oliveira Aires Orange, words cannot express my gratitude for all your advice, guidance and reassurance. I would have found a far more difficult path to overcome without your presence. To Prof. Paulo Silva, my teaching co-operator, thank you for opening your classroom doors, for always giving my ideas their deserved leeway and for helping me to embrace challenges headstrong. The Colégio do Sardão will forever be in my heart. To Prof. Vítor Mendes, 4ºB’s homeroom teacher, thank you for enthusiastically accepting and making me feel a part of the whole. To Marco Martins, thank you for your emotional support and bearings, and to the Woodlands International School students for contributing towards making this project my pride and joy. To all my teachers who have helped to bring out something better in me, Prof. Edite Orange, you have inspired my sense of creativity, making me dream of doing the impossible. Prof. Cristina Pinto, I would have never imagined that my cultural longingness for home would have made me understand its true beauty and value. Prof. Bernardo Canha, the urging and probing helped me to become even more reflective on my purpose and reasoning. Prof. José António Costa, your inspirational view of language has made me acknowledge that I will never approach language teaching in the same way. Prof. Mário Cruz, it was within my greatest Challenge that I have understood, for a House to be a Home it needs to be made up of four parts. The floor has always been a solid bedrock and foundation. The walls have been kept strong because they were constantly uplifted by its renovation. The windows have served as an eye opener that is supported from what is far and Beyond. The roof has been a reminder to always keep my chin up and to reach for the sky. However, it is the door that was opened in order to make my fly that makes me forever endeavoured to you. Obrigada! Your epicness will always be my driving force. To my dear teacher friends, Albina Loureiro and Vanessa Reis Esteves, you were the “big mamas” that got me into this, I am so proud to say, this is how far I have come. You always believed in me, gave me credit, and were the friendly shoulders to cry on. To Marta Fortunato, your companionship and long lasting conversations resulted in very hard work and a bagful of knowledge throughout our studies. It has also made the Achiever in you bring out the Socializer in me. There can be no greater motivator than this. To Anya Ojiugo Lilian, your humbleness, simplicity and eagerness to learn will always inspire me to be better than I am. To my Mommy, Carlos and Dani, sadly we have endured the hardest of all hardships throughout our lives. However, I can say that I have achieved my Epic win! I have now truly understood my Daddy’s thoughtful words to “Always look up and never look down”! This one is for Daddy. Your teachings have paved the road for my improved understanding. You will always be the hero of my game. Mommy, Carlos and Dani, be proud, we will forever be guided from above, one day at a time, nothing more, nothing less! To my Jorge, you have held my hand for the longest of time and never for once questioned my capacity. Se bastasse una bella canzone would be the only one that truly says I love you with all my heart. I would have never made it without you by my side. To my princesses, the beautiful loves of my life, Gabriela and Daniela, my journey has lasted quite long but I know you can find many great lessons and virtues from my experiences. Never forget, A Dream is a wish your heart makes, always look up, there is no limit. Dedications For my Daddy… Abstract This project targets on African oral tradition storytelling intermingled with the Ubuntu philosophy and traditional cultures (Varty, 2013) in primary school learning contexts, focusing on how oral traditional stories can be integrated into classroom practices as a means of transformation and of accommodating diversity to foster social cohesion and sustainable development (Battiste, 2005; Themane, et al., 2011). By encompassing oral traditional storytelling with an experiential communicative approach (Fernández- Corbacho, 2014), both strategies and materials, which take into account the Gamification Octalysis Framework (Chou, 2016), have been created and experimented in a 4th year primary school in Oporto. Departing on Chou’s (2016) Octalysis framework and how it can effectively be applied during the implementation of several gamification designs and practices, leading us to a greater understanding of how competitiveness fostered in gamified tasks can be favourable to Primary English learning. Moreover, it is the authors’ intention to tap into the core essence of classroom practice, by focusing on the gamified tasks which stimulated collaboration, communication, critical thinking and creativity, which are considered as the basis for 21st century skills (Duarte, & Cruz 2017). An ethnographic methodological approach, with triangulation of data collection tools (questionnaires, course books analysis grids, lesson plans, self-assessment worksheets and project works), was resorted. Gamified practices, which deal with South African st cultural and linguistic varieties (Esteves, & Hurst, 2009) and 21 Century Learning skills, were analized. The main results show that the gamification approach can aid in the progression of dialogue, can promote cultural awareness and can expedite pupil’s cognitive and affective enthralment and engagement, fostering the development of these skills (Cruz, & Orange, 2016; Shatz, 2015). Keywords Octalysis framework, gamification, storytelling, 21st century skills Resumo Este trabalho foca-se na narrativa das tradições orais Africanas, articuladas com a filosofia Ubuntu e as culturas tradicionais (Varty, 2013) em contextos de aprendizagem do 1º CEB, concentrando-se na forma como as histórias tradicionais orais podem ser integradas nas práticas de sala de aula como meio de transformação e de acolhimento da diversidade, de forma a estimular a coesão social e o desenvolvimento sustentável (Battiste, 2005; Themane, et al., 2011). Ao abranger a narrativa tradicional oral com uma abordagem comunicativa experiencial (Fernández-Corbacho, 2014), estratégias e materiais, que têm em consideração a Octalysis Framework de Gamificação (Chou, 2016), foram criados e experimentados numa turma de 4º ano de uma escola do 1º CEB no Porto. O nosso objetivo é refletir sobre a estrutura de Octalysis de Chou (2016) e como ela pode efetivamente ser aplicada durante a implementação de vários designs e práticas de gamificação, levando-nos a uma melhor compreensão de como a competitividade promovida através de tarefas gamificadas pode ser favorável à aprendizagem do inglês no 1º CEB. Além disso, é a intenção dos autores explorar a essência central da prática da sala de aula, concentrando-se nas tarefas gamificadas que estimularam a colaboração, comunicação, pensamento crítico e a criatividade, que são consideradas como base nas competências do século XXI (Duarte, & Cruz, 2017). Recorreu-se a uma abordagem metodológica etnográfica, com triangulação de instrumentos de recolha de dados (questionários, grelhas de análise de manuais, planos de aula, fichas de autoavaliaçao e trabalhos de projeto). Foram analisadas práticas gamificadas que se encontram relacionadas com as variedades culturais e linguísticas da África do Sul (Esteves, & Hurst, 2009) e as competências para o século XXI (Duarte, & Cruz, 2017). Os principais resultados mostram que a abordagem da gamificação pode auxiliar na progressão do diálogo, promover a conscientização cultural e acelerar o efetivo entusiasmo e engajamento cognitivo dos alunos, promovendo o desenvolvimento dessas competências (Cruz, & Orange, 2016; Shatz, 2015). Palavras-chave Octalysis Framework, gamificação, storytelling, competências do seculo XXI INDEX INTRODUCTION 2 PART I – GAMIFICATION’S MEANINGFUL REALM 5 CHAPTER 1 - 21ST CENTURY SKILL PRAXIS: FROM CRADLE TO CAREER 6 CHAPTER 2 - GAMIFICATION’S OCTALYSIS: THE EXPERIENTIAL FORCES BEHIND HUMAN-FOCUSED GAMIFICATION 12 CHAPTER 3 - PRO-ACTIVE PUPIL’S DEVELOPMENT: INTERTWINING INTERDEPENDENCE, COLLABORATION AND COMPETITION 24 PART II - “UMUNTU NGUMUNTU NGUBUNTU” – A REFLECTION OF UBUNTU THROUGH MEANINGFUL CLASSROOM PRACTICES 30 CHAPTER 1 – ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT DESIGN 31 1.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, QUESTIONS AND AIMS: ANALYSIS OPTIONS 31 1.2. SCHOOL DIMENSION AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 36 CHAPTER 2 – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS DISCUSSION 38 2.1 PUPIL’S KNOWLEDGE AND CONCEPTUALIZATIONS INTERPOLATED WITHIN EXPERIENCE 38 2.2. THE INTERCONNECTIVITY OF PUPIL’S INQUISITIVENESS AND OPENING UP TO OTHER PLACES IN THE WORLD 40 2.3. TEACHING MATERIALS – A REFLEXIVE APPROACH OF TOOLS THAT GO BEYOND MIRRORED PROJECTIONS INTO FUTURE ENLIGHTENMENT 47 2.4. “MY HOME IS AFRICA” – UBUNTU STORYTELLING IN THE TEACHING - LEARNING PROCESS 54 2.5. “IN EVERY REVISION TO BE DONE, THERE IS ALWAYS AN ELEMENT OF FUN” – CLASSROOM QUEST IN THE TEACHING - LEARNING PROCESS 60 2.6. “WE ARE WHAT WE EAT. WE ARE UBUNTU” – SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH LANGUAGE VARIETY IN THE TEACHING - LEARNING PROCESS 66 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: OVERVIEWS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 84 1 APPENDIXES Appendix 1 – Pre-questionnaire Appendix 2 – Unit Plan ‘My Home if Africa’ Appendix 3 – ‘Where stories come from” Appendix 4 – Unit Plan ‘In every revision to be done, there is always an element of fun’ 1 Note: A CD-ROM with the appendixes is attached to this report. Appendix 5 – Self-assessment Worksheet 1 Appendix 6 – ‘Fish Bones’ Appendix 7 – Unit Plan ‘We are what we eat. We are Ubuntu’ Appendix 8 – Self-assessment Worksheet 2 INDEX FOR FIGURES Figure 1 - The Octalysis Framework ......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2 - Activities on Traditional Breakfasts/ Houses Around the World ............................................... 51 Figure 3 - Activities on school Lunches/ Dream Houses ............................................................................ 51 Figure 4 - Our World Activity ................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 5 - Videoconference with pupils in Woodlands International School ............................................. 55 Figure 6 - Classroom realia during storytelling ......................................................................................... 57 Figure 7 - Comprehension exercises on “Plickers” .................................................................................... 58 Figure 8 - Collaborative Town Planning .................................................................................................... 59 Figure 9 - Classroom Quest circuit bases .................................................................................................. 61 Figure 10 - Pupils on Task ........................................................................................................................ 62 Figure 11 - Classroom Quest Leaderboard ................................................................................................ 63 Figure 12 - Kahoot! Activity ..................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 13 - Story Map Examples ............................................................................................................... 71 Figure 14 - Collaborative and creative development tasks ....................................................................... 72 Figure 15 - At the greengrocers ................................................................................................................ 73 INDEX FOR TABLES Table 1 - Research questions, aims, data and analysis options ................................................................. 32 Table 2 - Data related to pupil’s production ............................................................................................. 35 Table 3 - Analyzed textbooks and their formal characteristics ................................................................. 47 Table 4 - Proposed games/ gamified tasks found in the textbooks ........................................................... 49 Table 5 - Proposed cultural tasks in the textbooks ................................................................................... 50 Table 6 - Proposed linguistic tasks in the textbooks ................................................................................. 53 INDEX FOR GRAPHS Graph 1 - Self-assessment likes and dislikes I ........................................................................................... 64 Graph 2 - Self-assessment likes and dislikes II .......................................................................................... 75 ABBREVIATIONS AmE - American English BrE - British English CnBL - Competition-based learning HFD - Human-Focused Design PBLs - Points, Badges and Leaderboards 1 INTRODUCTION 2